Department of Fuel, Minerals and Metallurgical Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, India.
Department of Petroleum Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, India.
Environ Technol. 2024 Jan;45(1):158-169. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2102936. Epub 2022 Jul 31.
India is an agricultural country and near about 500 MT of agricultural wastes are generated each year. India has huge reserves of low-grade iron ore fines. Therefore, considering the availability of these two, the present study mainly focuses on utilization of solid waste in iron and steel industry; also, biomass being carbon-neutral fuel, promotes mitigation of environmental issues. To carry out this study, agricultural wastes like groundnut shell and corn cob which contain more than 70% of volatile matter were considered. Hence, an attempt has been taken to utilize this volatiles as well as char (prepared at 350°C) of corn cob and groundnut shell as a reducing agent for reduction of iron ore pellets. Maximum reduction percentage was achieved at 1000°C and 75 min using corn cob as a reductant, i.e. 78.38% with its volatile and 92.01% using its char. Higher intensity of elemental iron is also reflected by X-ray Diffraction analysis of reduced pellets. Further, cost estimation of reduction of iron ore pellets was also done using both the reducing agents, which signifies that the reduction process using biomass volatiles is much more economical than biochar. The total cost of producing DRI from corn cob volatiles is 56% less than coal followed by groundnut shell volatiles 53.36% and minimum in the case of groundnut shell char 36.17%. Effects of biomass volatiles and char on iron ore pellets reduction @ 1000°C at different time interval of 15, 30, 45, 60 & 75 min.Comparative assessment of iron ore pellets reduction through XRD and FESEM analysis.Economic evaluation of iron ore reduction using volatiles and char of biomass.
印度是一个农业国家，每年产生近 500 公吨的农业废弃物。印度拥有大量低品位铁矿粉储量。因此，考虑到这两者的可用性，本研究主要侧重于利用钢铁工业中的固体废物；此外，生物质是碳中和燃料，可促进环境问题的缓解。为了进行这项研究，考虑到使用了包含超过 70%挥发物的农业废弃物，如花生壳和玉米芯。因此，试图利用这些挥发物以及玉米芯和花生壳的炭（在 350°C 下制备）作为铁矿石球团的还原剂。使用玉米芯作为还原剂，在 1000°C 和 75 分钟时达到了最大还原百分比，即 78.38%的挥发性和 92.01%的炭。通过还原球团的 X 射线衍射分析，也反映了更高强度的元素铁。进一步，使用两种还原剂对铁矿石球团的还原进行了成本估算，这表明使用生物质挥发物的还原过程比生物炭更经济。使用玉米芯挥发物生产直接还原铁的总成本比煤炭低 56%，其次是花生壳挥发物 53.36%，而花生壳炭的成本最低，为 36.17%。在不同的 15、30、45、60 和 75 分钟的时间间隔下，生物质挥发物和炭对铁矿石球团还原的影响。通过 XRD 和 FESEM 分析对铁矿石球团还原的比较评估。使用生物质挥发物和炭还原铁矿石的经济评估。
