Department of Chemical Engineering, Grupo IMAES. ETSII, Instituto de Investigaciones Energéticas y Aplicaciones Industriales (INEI), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda Camilo José Cela 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
J Environ Manage. 2022 Oct 1;319:115712. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115712. Epub 2022 Jul 15.
Previous studies on removal of the pharmaceutical drug Furaltadone (FTD) in water have not shown to be totally efficient or are very expensive. In this study, sulfate radicals derived from persulfate anions activated with different irradiation sources (UVA, UVC and solar light) and combined with HO and/or TiO have been tested in homogeneous and heterogeneous phases under different operation modes and reaction systems. In homogeneous phase, UV produces a slow mineralization (k = 0.0013 min). The combined processes are faster (k = 0.0185 min, k = 0.0206 min) with the best performance for the UV/PS system yielding nearly 80% of mineralization in half an hour. The overall process (UV/HO/PS) does not show synergy and mineralization is even slower (k = 0.015 min) due to the production of a high amount of radicals favouring unproductive reactions (scavenger effect). A mineralization mechanism is proposed involving formation of 5hydroxymethylene-2(5H)-furanone and NO as the main intermediates. In heterogeneous phase (UVA/TiO/PS), the holes play an important role changing the mineralization mechanism. The main intermediates formed were CHNO and CHNO, which rapidly were degraded to form CHON, CHNO and CHNO. An economic study of operation costs has been made for selected processes: UVC/PS, UVA/TiO/PS and Solar/TiO/PS. The Solar/TiO/PS process has the lowest operation costs due to the use of solar energy. However, it would need an additional stage to recover the catalyst. Finally, a loss of 27% in efficiency during mineralization was found after 5 cycles, but the catalyst recovers its initial performance after regeneration at 500 °C.
先前有关水中药物呋喃它酮（FTD）去除的研究并未显示出完全有效或非常昂贵。在这项研究中，不同辐照源（UVA、UVC 和太阳光）激活过硫酸盐阴离子产生的硫酸根自由基，以及 HO 和/或 TiO 已在均相和非均相条件下进行了测试，在不同的操作模式和反应体系中。在均相条件下，UV 产生缓慢的矿化（k = 0.0013 min）。联合过程更快（k = 0.0185 min，k = 0.0206 min），其中 UV/PS 系统的性能最好，在半小时内几乎有 80%的矿化率。整体过程（UV/HO/PS）没有表现出协同作用，矿化率更慢（k = 0.015 min），因为产生了大量有利于非生产性反应（清除剂效应）的自由基。提出了一种矿化机制，涉及 5-羟甲基-2（5H）-呋喃酮和 NO 的形成作为主要中间体。在非均相（UVA/TiO/PS）条件下，空穴在改变矿化机制方面起着重要作用。形成的主要中间体是 CHNO 和 CHNO，它们迅速降解形成 CHON、CHNO 和 CHNO。对选定工艺的运行成本进行了经济研究：UVC/PS、UVA/TiO/PS 和 Solar/TiO/PS。由于使用太阳能，Solar/TiO/PS 工艺的运行成本最低。然而，它需要额外的阶段来回收催化剂。最后，在 5 个循环后发现矿化效率损失了 27%，但催化剂在 500°C 再生后恢复了初始性能。
