School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.
School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Liaoning University, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Nov 15;847:157449. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157449. Epub 2022 Jul 18.
Nature reserves (NRs) are designated as a result of the ecosystem, species, economy, population, and land use coordination. However, the extent to which these factors influence the geographical pattern of NRs is unclear. Here, 11 indices (seven natural and four anthropogenic) were examined to identify these relationships in over 2600 terrestrial NRs in mainland China at the provincial level. Correlation analysis between natural and anthropogenic factors and NRs showed that desert and grassland had a positive correlation with NR coverage and area, and a negative correlation with NR density. This result was reversed in the correlation analysis between forest wetland coverage, endangered species, wildlife and NR coverage, area, and density. Similar results were found in the correlation analysis of all anthropogenic factors (population density, agricultural land, roads, and per capita GDP) with the coverage, area, and density of NRs. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that three significant natural indicators (desert ecosystems, grasslands ecosystems, and forested and wetlands ecosystems) could explain 64.2 % of the pattern of NRs. The largest contributor was desert coverage, explaining 48.3 % (P = 0.002) of all indicators, followed by grassland coverage, explaining 8.6 % (P = 0.012), and forest and wetland coverage, explaining 7.3 % (P = 0.008). Human activities were significantly positively correlated with forest and wetland coverage, flora, and fauna, and negatively correlated with desert and grassland coverage. Compared with sand and grassland in the western region, the forest wetlands and wildlife in the eastern and central provinces were under greater pressure from anthropogenic activities. Therefore, natural factors determine the general layout of NRs, while the influence of anthropogenic activities makes the distribution of NRs patchy. When establishing national parks, governments must design strategies to coordinate areas with high biodiversity and high levels of human activity.
自然保护区是在生态系统、物种、经济、人口和土地利用协调的基础上划定的。然而，这些因素对自然保护区地理格局的影响程度尚不清楚。在这里，我们检查了 11 个指标（7 个自然指标和 4 个人为指标），以确定中国大陆省级陆地自然保护区的这些关系。自然和人为因素与自然保护区的相关性分析表明，沙漠和草原与自然保护区的覆盖面积和面积呈正相关，与自然保护区的密度呈负相关。在森林湿地覆盖率、濒危物种、野生动物与自然保护区的覆盖面积、面积和密度的相关性分析中，结果正好相反。在所有人为因素（人口密度、农业用地、道路和人均 GDP）与自然保护区的覆盖面积、面积和密度的相关性分析中，也发现了类似的结果。典范对应分析（CCA）表明，三个重要的自然指标（沙漠生态系统、草原生态系统和森林湿地生态系统）可以解释 64.2%的自然保护区格局。最大的贡献者是沙漠覆盖率，解释了所有指标的 48.3%（P = 0.002），其次是草原覆盖率，解释了 8.6%（P = 0.012），森林和湿地覆盖率，解释了 7.3%（P = 0.008）。人类活动与森林和湿地覆盖、植物区系和动物区系显著正相关，与沙漠和草原覆盖显著负相关。与西部地区的沙和草原相比，东部和中部省份的森林湿地和野生动物受到人为活动的压力更大。因此，自然因素决定了自然保护区的总体布局，而人为活动的影响使自然保护区的分布呈斑块状。在建立国家公园时，政府必须设计策略来协调高生物多样性和高水平人类活动的区域。
