Département des Sciences des Aliments, Laboratoire de Génomique Microbienne, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Regroupement de Recherche pour un Lait de Qualité Optimale (Op+Lait), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada.
Département des Sciences des Aliments, Laboratoire de Génomique Microbienne, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada; Regroupement de Recherche pour un Lait de Qualité Optimale (Op+Lait), Saint-Hyacinthe, J2S 2M2, Canada.
J Dairy Sci. 2022 Sep;105(9):7276-7287. doi: 10.3168/jds.2021-21758. Epub 2022 Jul 19.
Environmental and herd-associated factors such as geographical location, climatic conditions, forage types, bedding, soil, animal genetics, herd size, housing, lactation stage, and udder health are exploited by farmers to dictate specific management strategies that ensure dairy operation profitability and enhance the sustainability of milk production. Along with milking routines, milking systems, and storage conditions, these farming practices greatly influence the microbiota of raw milk, as evidenced by several recent studies. During the past few years, the increased interest in high-throughput sequencing technologies combined with culture-dependent methods to investigate dairy microbial ecology has improved our understanding of raw milk community dynamics throughout storage and processing. However, knowledge is still lacking on the niche-specific communities in the farm environment, and on the factors that determine bacteria transfer to the raw milk. This review summarizes findings from the past 2 decades regarding the effects of farm management practices on the diversity of bacterial species that determine the microbiological quality of raw cow milk.
环境和畜群相关因素，如地理位置、气候条件、饲料类型、垫料、土壤、动物遗传、畜群规模、圈舍、泌乳阶段和乳房健康等，被农民利用来制定特定的管理策略，以确保奶牛场的盈利能力并提高牛奶生产的可持续性。除了挤奶常规、挤奶系统和储存条件外，这些养殖实践还极大地影响了生奶的微生物群，这一点已被最近的几项研究证实。在过去的几年中，人们对高通量测序技术的兴趣不断增加，同时结合了培养依赖的方法来研究奶牛微生物生态学，这提高了我们对生奶储存和加工过程中群落动态的理解。然而，关于农场环境中的特定小生境群落以及决定细菌转移到生奶中的因素的知识仍然缺乏。本综述总结了过去 20 年关于农场管理实践对决定生牛乳微生物质量的细菌种类多样性的影响的研究结果。
