Multiple knockout mouse and embryonic stem cell models reveal the role of miR-124a in neuronal maturation.

MicroRNA-124a (miR-124a) is one of the most abundantly expressed microRNAs in the central nervous system and is encoded in mammals by the three genomic loci miR-124a-1/2/3; however, its in vivo roles in neuronal development and function remain ambiguous. In the present study, we investigated the effect of miR-124a loss on neuronal differentiation in mice and in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Since miR-124a-3 exhibits only background expression levels in the brain and we were unable to obtain miR-124a-1/2/3 triple knockout (TKO) mice by mating, we generated and analyzed miR-124a-1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice. We found that these DKO mice exhibit perinatal lethality. RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of proneural and neuronal marker genes were almost unchanged between the control and miR-124a-1/2 DKO brains; however, genes related to neuronal synaptic formation and function were enriched among downregulated genes in the miR-124a-1/2 DKO brain. In addition, we found the transcription regulator Tardbp/TDP-43, loss of which leads to defects in neuronal maturation and function, was inactivated in the miR-124a-1/2 DKO brain. Furthermore, Tardbp knockdown suppressed neurite extension in cultured neuronal cells. We also generated miR-124a-1/2/3 TKO ES cells using CRISPR-Cas9 as an alternative to TKO mice. Phase-contrast microscopic, immunocytochemical, and gene expression analyses showed that miR-124a-1/2/3 TKO ES cell lines were able to differentiate into neurons. Collectively, these results suggest that miR-124a plays a role in neuronal maturation rather than neurogenesis in vivo and advance our understanding of the functional roles of microRNAs in central nervous system development.