Dudek S Z, Strobel M, Thomas A D
Percept Mot Skills. 1987 Apr;64(2):407-29. doi: 10.2466/pms.1987.64.2.407.
An analysis of test scores of a longitudinal sample of normal children, who placed in the lowest quartile of the class on the California Achievement Test and children in the highest quartile yielded significant differences on three perceptual-motor tests and on Piaget's preoperational and precausal tests at Kindergarten level. Although matched for IQ in Kindergarten, significant IQ differences appeared in Grade 1 and continued to increase over 5 yr., as those on other tests. Cattell's Early School Personality Questionnaire indicated that low achievers were significantly less mature and more tense and anxious than high achievers from Grades 1 through 5. Maturational lag is hypothesized for retardation of learning.
对一组正常儿童的纵向样本进行分析，这些儿童在加利福尼亚成就测试中处于班级最低四分位数，以及处于最高四分位数的儿童，结果发现在三项感知运动测试以及幼儿园水平的皮亚杰前运算和前因果测试中存在显著差异。尽管在幼儿园时智商匹配，但在一年级时出现了显著的智商差异，并且在5年期间持续增加，其他测试的情况也是如此。卡特尔早期学校人格问卷表明，从一年级到五年级，成绩差的学生比成绩好的学生明显更不成熟、更紧张和焦虑。学习迟缓被假设为成熟滞后。
