Nano hydroxyapatite (Ca(PO)(OH), HAp) has aroused widespread attention as a green and environmentally friendly adsorbent due to its outstanding ability in removing heavy metal ions, radio nuclides, organic pollutants and fluoride ions for wastewater treatment. The hexagonal crystal structure of HAp supports the adsorption mechanisms including ionic exchange reaction, surface complexation, the co-precipitation of new partially soluble phases and physical adsorption such as electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. However, nano HAp has some drawbacks such as agglomeration and a significant pressure drop during filtration when used in powder form. Therefore, instead of using nano HAp alone, researchers have worked on modificationsand composites of nano HAp to overcome these issues and enhance the adsorption capacity. The modification of cationic doping and organic molecule grafting for nano HAp can promote the immobilization of ions and then increase adsorption capacity. Developing nano HAp composite with biopolymers such as gelatin, chitosan and chitin has proven to obtain a synergetic effect for improving the adsorption capacity of composites, in which nano HAp fixed and dispersed in polymers can playmuch more of a role for adsorption. This review summarizes the adsorption properties and adsorbent applications of nano HAp as well as the methods to enhance the adsorption capacity of nano HAp.