Optimization Strategies of Electrolytes for Low-Temperature Aqueous Batteries.

Aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARBs) are considered promising electrochemical energy storage systems for grid-scale applications due to their low cost, high safety, and environmental benignity. With the demand for a wide range of application scenarios, batteries are required to work in various harsh conditions, especially the cold weather. Nevertheless, electrolytes would freeze at extremely low temperatures, resulting in dramatically sluggish kinetics and severe performance degradation. Here, we discuss the behaviors of hydrogen bonds and basic principles of anti-freezing mechanisms in aqueous electrolytes. Then, we present a systematical review of the optimization strategies of electrolytes for low-temperature aqueous batteries. Finally, the challenges and promising routes for further development of aqueous low-temperature electrolytes are provided. This review can serve as a comprehensive reference to boost the further development and practical applications of advanced ARBs operated at low temperatures.