Pekola Jukka P, Marín-Suárez Marco, Pyhäranta Tuomas, Karimi Bayan
Pico group, QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Phys Rev Lett. 2022 Jul 15;129(3):037702. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.037702.
We analyze theoretically the properties of the recently introduced and experimentally demonstrated converter of frequency to power. The system is composed of a hybrid single-electron box with normal island and superconducting lead, and the detector of the energy flow using a thermometer on a normal metal bolometer. Here, we consider its potential for metrology. The errors in power arise mainly from inaccuracy of injecting electrons at the precise energy equal to the energy gap of the superconductor. We calculate the main systematic error in the form of the excess average energy of the injected electrons and its cumulants, and that due to subgap leakage. We demonstrate by analytic and numerical calculations that the systematic error in detection can, in principle, be made much smaller than the injection errors, which also, with proper choice of system parameters, can be very small, <1%, at low enough temperature. Finally, we propose a simplified configuration for metrological purposes.
