Saubin Méline, Louet Clémentine, Bousset Lydia, Fabre Frédéric, Frey Pascal, Fudal Isabelle, Grognard Frédéric, Hamelin Frédéric, Mailleret Ludovic, Stoeckel Solenn, Touzeau Suzanne, Petre Benjamin, Halkett Fabien
Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France.
Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
Mol Ecol. 2023 May;32(10):2461-2471. doi: 10.1111/mec.16634. Epub 2022 Aug 15.
Growing genetically resistant plants allows pathogen populations to be controlled and reduces the use of pesticides. However, pathogens can quickly overcome such resistance. In this context, how can we achieve sustainable crop protection? This crucial question has remained largely unanswered despite decades of intense debate and research effort. In this study, we used a bibliographic analysis to show that the research field of resistance durability has evolved into three subfields: (1) "plant breeding" (generating new genetic material), (2) "molecular interactions" (exploring the molecular dialogue governing plant-pathogen interactions) and (3) "epidemiology and evolution" (explaining and forecasting of pathogen population dynamics resulting from selection pressure[s] exerted by resistant plants). We argue that this triple split of the field impedes integrated research progress and ultimately compromises the sustainable management of genetic resistance. After identifying a gap among the three subfields, we argue that the theoretical framework of population genetics could bridge this gap. Indeed, population genetics formally explains the evolution of all heritable traits, and allows genetic changes to be tracked along with variation in population dynamics. This provides an integrated view of pathogen adaptation, in particular via evolutionary-epidemiological feedbacks. In this Opinion Note, we detail examples illustrating how such a framework can better inform best practices for developing and managing genetically resistant cultivars.
培育具有基因抗性的植物能够控制病原体种群数量，并减少农药的使用。然而，病原体能够迅速克服这种抗性。在这种背景下，我们如何才能实现可持续的作物保护呢？尽管经过了数十年的激烈辩论和研究努力，这个关键问题在很大程度上仍未得到解答。在本研究中，我们通过文献分析表明，抗性持久性的研究领域已演变成三个子领域：（1）“植物育种”（生成新的遗传物质），（2）“分子相互作用”（探索控制植物 - 病原体相互作用的分子对话）和（3）“流行病学与进化”（解释和预测由抗性植物施加的选择压力导致的病原体种群动态）。我们认为该领域的这种三分法阻碍了综合研究进展，并最终损害了遗传抗性的可持续管理。在确定了这三个子领域之间的差距后，我们认为群体遗传学的理论框架可以弥合这一差距。事实上，群体遗传学正式解释了所有可遗传性状的进化，并允许随着种群动态的变化追踪基因变化。这提供了病原体适应性的综合观点，特别是通过进化 - 流行病学反馈。在本观点注释中，我们详细列举了一些例子，说明这样一个框架如何能够更好地为培育和管理具有基因抗性的栽培品种的最佳实践提供信息。
