School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Bordeaux Population Health, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
Addict Behav. 2022 Dec;135:107437. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107437. Epub 2022 Jul 25.
Internalizing symptoms are theorized to lead to substance use (SU) via a tendency to use substances to cope with or self-medicate negative feelings and emotions; however, empirically, this association is mixed, pointing to the existence of moderating factors. The present study aimed to examine how self-, teacher-, and father-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms (ADHD-HI) and sex, moderated the association between self-reported internalizing symptoms and SU, in early adolescence.
Cross-sectional data obtained at 13 years of age, drawn from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (N = 1,424; 53 % female). Alcohol, cigarette, and cannabis use, and internalizing and ADHD-HI symptoms were assessed.
There was a significant three-way interaction between internalizing, ADHD-HI, and sex, for cigarette use, with Bayes factor (BF) indicating very strong evidence for an effect (BF = 48.40). While the three-way interaction for cannabis use did not reach statistical significance (self-report: p <.066; father-report: p <.053), BF indicated substantial evidence for an effect (self-report: BF = 3.54; father-report: BF = 9.08). Further analyses revealed internalizing was associated with cigarette and cannabis use only among females with high ADHD-HI symptoms (cigarette use: β = 0.15, SE = 0.04, 95 %CI [0.07, 0.22]; cannabis use (self-reported ADHD-HI): β = 0.14, SE = 0.06, 95 %CI [0.04, 0.25]; cannabis use (father-reported ADHD-HI): β = 0.21, SE = 0.10, 95 %CI [0.01, 0.41]).
Findings aid in clarifying the inconsistent relationship between internalizing symptoms and SU among adolescent females by underscoring the moderating role of ADHD-HI. Further, findings also support a growing body of literature which highlights the need for both self- and adult-informants (i.e., teacher and parent) in assessing ADHD-HI symptoms in females.
内隐症状被认为通过使用物质来应对或自我治疗负面情绪和情感，从而导致物质使用（SU）；然而，从经验上看，这种关联是混杂的，表明存在调节因素。本研究旨在检验自我报告的注意缺陷多动障碍多动冲动症状（ADHD-HI）和性别如何调节青少年早期自我报告的内化症状与 SU 之间的关联。
横断面数据来自魁北克儿童发展纵向研究（N=1424；53%为女性），于 13 岁时获得。评估了酒精、香烟和大麻的使用以及内化和 ADHD-HI 症状。
内化、ADHD-HI 和性别之间存在显著的三向交互作用，与吸烟有关，贝叶斯因子（BF）表明存在非常强的影响证据（BF=48.40）。虽然大麻使用的三向交互作用没有达到统计学意义（自我报告：p<.066；父亲报告：p<.053），但 BF 表明存在相当大的影响证据（自我报告：BF=3.54；父亲报告：BF=9.08）。进一步分析表明，只有在 ADHD-HI 高症状的女性中，内化才与吸烟和大麻使用有关（吸烟：β=0.15，SE=0.04，95%CI[0.07，0.22]；自我报告的 ADHD-HI 与大麻使用：β=0.14，SE=0.06，95%CI[0.04，0.25]；父亲报告的 ADHD-HI 与大麻使用：β=0.21，SE=0.10，95%CI[0.01，0.41]）。
研究结果通过强调 ADHD-HI 的调节作用，有助于澄清青少年女性内化症状与 SU 之间不一致的关系。此外，研究结果还支持越来越多的文献，强调在评估女性的 ADHD-HI 症状时，需要自我报告和成人报告（即教师和家长）。
