Regulatory Roles of N- and C-Terminal Cytoplasmic Regions of P4-ATPases.

P4-ATPases, which are subfamily members of P-type ATPase superfamily, translocate membrane lipids from the exoplasmic/luminal leaflet to the cytoplasmic leaflet, thus regulating trans-bilayer lipid asymmetry. Mammalian P4-ATPases localize to the specific subcellular organelles or the plasma membrane where they translocate the specific lipids. Although recent advances in the structural analysis of P4-ATPases have improved our understanding of lipid transporting machinery, the mechanism of substrate specificity and the regulatory mechanism of the enzymes remain largely unknown. Recent studies have uncovered several specific localization and regulatory mechanisms of P4-ATPases. Here, we review the current understanding of the regulatory mechanism of P4-ATPase activity and localization in mammalian cells.