Platis Dimitrios P, Menexes George C, Kalburtji Kiriaki L, Mamolos Andreas P
School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
School of Agriculture, Laboratory of Agronomy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan;30(1):1288-1305. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22231-5. Epub 2022 Aug 1.
Energy flows in perennial agro and natural ecosystems are essential and could be related to greenhouse gas emissions and increasing water demands. Energy indices and carbon and water footprint are useful tools in assessing the interaction between production systems and environmental impact inside Natura 2000 sites and enhancing ecosystem services. The main aims of this study were to determine and compare energy indices, carbon and water footprint of olive groves, orange and kiwi orchards, and grasslands within and between 2 years, located in a Natura 2000 site, using an adjusted life cycle assessment (LCA) method; and to illustrate the importance of farming systems to ecosystem services. Proportional stratified sampling was used to select 36 farm types (12 olive groves, 12 oranges, and 12 kiwi orchards) and 12 grasslands from the municipality of Amfilochia, western Greece, during 2018 and 2019. Descriptive data analysis, correlational analysis, ANOVA, and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to summarize and analyze the data. The main energy contributors for the three farm types were fertilizers and fuel consumption. The only input for the grasslands was animal manure. Energy efficiency showed the highest performance in olive groves followed in descending order by kiwi orchards, grasslands, and orange orchards. Concerning carbon-footprint, the values were the highest for orange orchards, followed in descending order by kiwi orchards, olive groves, and grasslands. Total water footprint values were the highest for grasslands and the lowest for olive groves. For both years, regarding HCA, each cluster consisted of the same ecosystems. According to the abovementioned indices, olive groves and grasslands are the most environmental friendly ecosystems. They could contribute in the environmental protection of the Amvrakikos Gulf, a Natura 2000 site. Kiwi orchards, although they are intensive along with the orange ones, seem to be more friendly to the environment than them and their cultivation in this Natura 2000 area is recommended. Energy indices and carbon and water footprint could be used, in order to highlight the related ecosystem (dis)services.
多年生农业生态系统和自然生态系统中的能量流动至关重要，且可能与温室气体排放及不断增长的用水需求相关。能量指数以及碳足迹和水足迹是评估自然2000保护区内生产系统与环境影响之间的相互作用以及增强生态系统服务的有用工具。本研究的主要目的是使用调整后的生命周期评估（LCA）方法，确定并比较位于自然2000保护区内的橄榄园、橙子园、猕猴桃园和草地在两年内以及不同年份之间的能量指数、碳足迹和水足迹；并阐明农业系统对生态系统服务的重要性。2018年和2019年期间，采用比例分层抽样法从希腊西部阿姆菲洛希亚市选取了36种农场类型（12个橄榄园、12个橙子园和12个猕猴桃园）以及12片草地。使用描述性数据分析、相关性分析、方差分析和层次聚类分析（HCA）对数据进行总结和分析。这三种农场类型的主要能量贡献来自化肥和燃料消耗。草地的唯一投入是动物粪便。能源效率在橄榄园中表现最佳，其次是猕猴桃园、草地和橙子园，呈降序排列。关于碳足迹，橙子园的值最高，其次是猕猴桃园、橄榄园和草地，呈降序排列。总水足迹值草地最高，橄榄园最低。对于这两年，关于层次聚类分析，每个聚类都由相同的生态系统组成。根据上述指数，橄榄园和草地是最环保的生态系统。它们可以为自然2000保护区阿姆夫拉基科斯湾的环境保护做出贡献。猕猴桃园虽然与橙子园一样集约化，但似乎比橙子园对环境更友好，建议在这个自然2000区域种植。能量指数以及碳足迹和水足迹可用于突出相关的生态系统（非）服务。
