Beck J
Acta Physiol Pol. 1986 Jul-Aug;37(4-5):207-12.
Bar-press response reinforced by the contact with estrous female were investigated in male rats in two experimental situations, when the visual communication with female was prevented or when it was permitted. After the instrumental responses directly preceded by ejaculations, depending on the increasing duration of response latency, three categories of male behavior were observed: avoiding of the contact with female, precopulatory behavior, or copulatory behavior. The enabling the visual communication with a female caused the significant increase of occurrence of copulatory behavior and significant decrease of contact-avoiding behavior, whereas the precopulatory behavior showed unsignificant increase. It is suggested that when prevented to see the female male rats can perform the instrumental response even when the sexual arousal is to low for precopulatory behavior. Such unrewarded responses lead to the appearance of frustration. On the contrary, when the female is visible the instrumental response is delayed up to the moment when the visual cues coming from female can evoke at least precopulatory behavior.
在两种实验情境下，对雄性大鼠接触处于发情期的雌性大鼠所强化的压杆反应进行了研究，一种情境是阻止雄性大鼠与雌性大鼠进行视觉交流，另一种情境是允许它们进行视觉交流。在射精直接先于工具性反应之后，根据反应潜伏期的延长，观察到了三类雄性行为：避免与雌性接触、交配前行为或交配行为。允许与雌性进行视觉交流会导致交配行为发生率显著增加，接触避免行为显著减少，而交配前行为仅略有增加。研究表明，当雄性大鼠被阻止看到雌性时，即使性唤起程度低到无法引发交配前行为，它们仍能做出工具性反应。这种无奖励的反应会导致挫折感的出现。相反，当雌性可见时，工具性反应会延迟到来自雌性的视觉线索至少能引发交配前行为的那一刻。
