V Geetha, Das Moumita, Zarei Mehrdad, Vp Mayookha, Harohally Nanishankar V, G Suresh Kumar
Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, 570 020, Mysore, India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
Glycoconj J. 2022 Aug;39(4):525-542. doi: 10.1007/s10719-022-10077-5. Epub 2022 Aug 1.
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are bioactive polysaccharides or glycoconjugates found in the fish waste having significant health impacts. In the present study it has been attempted to extract GAGs from mackerel fish waste through chemical and enzymatic methods. Further, the extracted GAGs (e-GAGs) were analyzed for their composition (uronic acid, total sugar & sulfate), chemical characterization was carried out through techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) & Proton NMR. Further, probable major GAGs present was identified by enzymatic digestion. The biological potential of the extracted glycoconjugate was assessed further through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. In-vitro biological activity showed good lipase inhibition (IC, 2.6 mg/mL) and bile acid binding properties (dose-dependent). Lipid accumulation lowered in the e-GAGs differentiated 3T3L1 preadipocyte cells have also been observed. The high fat fed animal (in-vivo) study showed ameliorative effect via reducing blood sugar∼1.28↓, lipid profile↓, plasma insulin∼3.5↓, improved glucose tolerance, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, ∼3.0↓). Furthermore, elimination of bile acid (BA) due to GAG-BA binding properties resultant in removal of elevated fecal triglyceride and cholesterol suggesting its lipid lowering activity. Regulation of various proteins linked to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism including fatty acid synthase (FAS), low density lipoproteins receptor (LDL-R), 7α-hydroxylase, glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and Peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) were significant (p < 0.05) with e-GAGs treatment when compared to HFD group. Thus, the e-GAGs showed potential hypolipidemic activity through elimination of bile acid binding property together with regulating the specific protein related to obesity and its associated complications.
糖胺聚糖（GAGs）是存在于鱼废料中的具有显著健康影响的生物活性多糖或糖缀合物。在本研究中，已尝试通过化学和酶法从鲭鱼废料中提取GAGs。此外，对提取的GAGs（e-GAGs）进行了成分分析（糖醛酸、总糖和硫酸盐），通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和质子核磁共振技术进行了化学表征。此外，通过酶消化鉴定了可能存在的主要GAGs。通过体外和体内研究进一步评估了提取的糖缀合物的生物学潜力。体外生物学活性显示出良好的脂肪酶抑制作用（IC，2.6mg/mL）和胆汁酸结合特性（剂量依赖性）。在e-GAGs分化的3T3L1前脂肪细胞中也观察到脂质积累降低。高脂喂养动物（体内）研究显示，通过降低血糖约1.28↓、血脂↓、血浆胰岛素约↓3.5、改善葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估（HOMA-IR，约↓3.0），具有改善作用。此外，由于GAG-胆汁酸结合特性导致胆汁酸（BA）的消除，从而导致粪便中甘油三酯和胆固醇升高的消除，表明其具有降血脂活性。与高脂饮食组相比，e-GAGs处理后，与碳水化合物和脂质代谢相关的各种蛋白质（包括脂肪酸合酶（FAS）、低密度脂蛋白受体（LDL-R）、7α-羟化酶、葡萄糖转运蛋白4（GLUT4）和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPAR-γ））的调节具有显著性（p＜0.05）。因此，e-GAGs通过消除胆汁酸结合特性以及调节与肥胖及其相关并发症相关的特定蛋白质，显示出潜在的降血脂活性。
