Robust sensor placement for sustainable leakage management in water distribution networks of developing economies: A hybrid decision support framework.

Urban water distribution networks (WDNs) in developing economies often refrain from investing in sensor-based leakage management technologies due to financial constraints and other techno-managerial issues. Thus, this study proposes a generalized decision support framework based on network sensitivity analysis (NSA) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) to assess the prospect of effective leakage control through robust sensor placement in existing deficient WDNs. Four sensitivity parameters are formulated for NSA to ascertain the pressure response of the potential sensor positions for diverse hydraulic and leak scenarios. Subsequently, selecting the optimal number of sensors and their relative positions within the WDN is framed as an MCDM problem that entails the simultaneous maximization of Euclidean distances among the potential sensor positions and the leak-induced pressure residuals obtained at these sensors. The proposed methodology is developed on a numerical benchmark network assuming ideal conditions, and its applicability is verified on a sensor-equipped experimental network considering realistic system uncertainties. The outcome of this study aims to provide an insightful understanding of the system behavior that governs its leak localization potential and ascertain the practical challenges of sensor-based leakage monitoring in existing WDNs. Decision-makers of resource-strained utilities can beneficially utilize the proposed framework to assess the environmental and cost trade-offs of employing sensor-based technologies for leakage management and proactive decision-making before its actual implementation.