Long Changquan, Hu Xin, Qi Guomei, Zhang Liping
Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of the Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
Neuropsychologia. 2022 Sep 9;174:108343. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108343. Epub 2022 Aug 4.
Fairness is a remarkable preference for human society, involving both outcome and opportunity equity. Most previous studies have explored whether fairness itself or self-interest is intuitive during outcome (in)equity. However, intuition during outcome (in)equity can be affected by both fairness level and actual payoff. Since opportunity (in)equity is only affected by the fairness level, we explored only intuition during fairness by measuring event-related potential responses to opportunity (in)equity. Participants played a social non-competitive two-person choice game with advantage opportunity inequity (AI), opportunity equity (OE), and disadvantage opportunity inequity (DI). The behavioral results suggested an opportunity inequity bias, with greater feelings of fairness and pleasantness during OE than during AI and DI. However, multivariate pattern analysis of the event-related potential (ERP) data suggested that AI, OE, and DI can be significantly distinguished from each other in relatively early windows overlapping with early positive negativity (EPN), and AI and DI can be significantly further distinguished during a relatively late window overlapping with late positive potential (LPP). Moreover, the conventional ERP analysis found that EPN amplitudes were more negative for AI than for OE and DI, as well as for OE than for DI, suggesting a pleasure bias for increased self-interest. LPP amplitudes were greater for DI than for AI and OE, suggesting enhanced sensitivity to DI. These results suggest that self-interest is intuitive during opportunity (in)equity.
公平是人类社会一种显著的偏好，涉及结果公平和机会公平。此前大多数研究探讨了在结果（不）公平时，公平本身还是自身利益是直观的。然而，结果（不）公平时的直观感受会受到公平程度和实际收益的影响。由于机会（不）公平仅受公平程度的影响，我们通过测量对机会（不）公平的事件相关电位反应，仅探究了公平过程中的直观感受。参与者进行了一场社会非竞争性的两人选择游戏，其中存在优势机会不公平（AI）、机会公平（OE）和劣势机会不公平（DI）。行为结果表明存在机会不公平偏差，与AI和DI相比，OE期间的公平感和愉悦感更强。然而，对事件相关电位（ERP）数据的多变量模式分析表明，在与早期正负极性（EPN）重叠的相对较早窗口中，AI、OE和DI能够显著区分开来，并且在与晚期正电位（LPP）重叠的相对较晚窗口中，AI和DI能够进一步显著区分。此外，传统的ERP分析发现，AI的EPN波幅比OE和DI更负，OE的EPN波幅也比DI更负，这表明存在自身利益增加的愉悦偏差。DI的LPP波幅比AI和OE更大，表明对DI的敏感性增强。这些结果表明，在机会（不）公平时，自身利益是直观的。
