Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
Anal Chim Acta. 2022 Aug 22;1222:339986. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339986. Epub 2022 May 24.
Two modes of electromembrane extraction (EME) were evaluated in this work, one using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as liquid membrane, and another was gel electromembrane extraction (G-EME) based on solid agarose membrane. Both EME modes have eliminated organic solvents and are recognized as green strategies. Unlike classic EME in which polypropylene membrane and organic extracting solvents play an essential role in the extraction process, new modes of EME are based on biodegradable membranes and aqueous extracting solutions. Approaches of EME based on the new designs follow the green chemistry principles. Each mode of EME was evaluated for the determination of polar and non-polar bases drugs from human urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a diode array detector (DAD). EME using DES A was suitable for determining polar and non-polar bases drugs in a large polarity window. While extraction recoveries for all six drugs studied by G-EME were lower than EME using DES A. Comparing the two EME modes shows similar results in the analytical figures of merit. However, differences in extraction recoveries of the drugs by two EME modes were observed which is related to the difference in membranes structure. Our findings indicate that the differences between membranes properties used in two EME modes, including the permeability, hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, and variety of interactions, are influencer factors on extraction efficiency. The two EME modes provided good linearity in the ranges of 16-100 and 19-100 μg. L for G-EME and EME using DES A, respectively with (r > 0.993). Also, the detection limits (LODs) were 19-32 and 19-29 μg. L for G-EME and EME using DES A, respectively.
本文分别评估了两种电渗析萃取（EME）模式：一种是使用深共晶溶剂（DES）作为液膜，另一种是基于固态琼脂糖膜的凝胶电渗析萃取（G-EME）。这两种 EME 模式均消除了有机溶剂，被认为是绿色策略。与经典 EME 不同，经典 EME 中聚丙稀膜和有机溶剂在萃取过程中发挥了重要作用，新型 EME 模式则基于可生物降解的膜和水相萃取溶液。基于新设计的 EME 方法遵循绿色化学原则。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）-二极管阵列检测器（DAD），分别评估了这两种 EME 模式对人体尿液中极性和非极性碱基药物的测定。EME 采用 DES A 适用于在较大的极性窗口中测定极性和非极性碱基药物。然而，对于六种研究药物，G-EME 的萃取回收率均低于 EME 采用 DES A。比较两种 EME 模式，在分析指标方面具有相似的结果。然而，两种 EME 模式对药物的萃取回收率存在差异，这与膜结构的差异有关。我们的研究结果表明，两种 EME 模式中使用的膜性质的差异，包括渗透性、亲水性、疏水性和相互作用的多样性，是影响萃取效率的因素。对于 G-EME 和 EME 采用 DES A，分别在 16-100 和 19-100μg·L 范围内获得了良好的线性关系（r＞0.993）。此外，G-EME 和 EME 采用 DES A 的检测限（LOD）分别为 19-32 和 19-29μg·L。
