Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (IESE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering (SCEE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H 12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Sep;30(44):98869-98880. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22331-2. Epub 2022 Aug 9.
With enhanced focus on global sanitation, access to toilets at the household level is increasing in developing countries although the provision of sewer networks is not expanding at the same pace. This is resulting in the adaptation of on-site sanitation facilities to contain the fecal sludge. The fecal sludge generated by the on-site sanitation facilities requires emptying, treatment, and safe end-use or disposal. In this study, the sanitation situation and need for fecal sludge management was evaluated in major cities of Pakistan including Karachi (provincial capital), Lahore (provincial capital), and Islamabad (national capital). Primary and secondary data were collected from key informant interviews of the stakeholders, national and international reports, research, and review articles. Infographics on wastewater and fecal sludge from origin to disposal were developed using a shit flow diagram tool and enabling environment was evaluated with a modified service delivery assessment tool. The results indicate that sewerage network coverage exists for 60%, 63%, and 50% of the areas in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad respectively. The sewerage network in major cities is old, leaking, and insufficient, thus a limited amount of wastewater reaches the treatment plants. Total wastewater treatment in Karachi and Islamabad is 10% and 9% respectively whereas, in Lahore, there is no infrastructure for the same. The safe sanitation in Lahore (8%) and Islamabad (25%) is coming from on-site sanitation systems with fecal sludge buried safely onsite. National level sanitation programs exist in the country but are limited to reducing open defecation and containments of fecal sludge only. The inclusion of complete fecal sludge management related framework, guidelines, and policies can help achieve the goal of safe sanitation for all.
随着人们更加关注全球卫生，发展中国家家庭层面的厕所设施普及率有所提高，尽管污水管网的铺设速度并没有跟上。这导致了现场卫生设施的适应性改造，以容纳粪便污泥。现场卫生设施产生的粪便污泥需要清空、处理和安全地最终使用或处置。本研究评估了巴基斯坦主要城市（包括卡拉奇（省会）、拉合尔（省会）和伊斯兰堡（首都））的卫生状况和粪便污泥管理需求。从利益相关者的关键信息访谈、国家和国际报告、研究和综述文章中收集了原始和二手数据。使用屎流图工具制作了有关废水和粪便污泥从源头到处置的信息图，并使用修改后的服务提供评估工具评估了有利环境。结果表明，卡拉奇、拉合尔和伊斯兰堡的污水管网覆盖率分别为 60%、63%和 50%。主要城市的污水管网老旧、渗漏且不足，因此只有有限数量的废水到达处理厂。卡拉奇和伊斯兰堡的废水处理总量分别为 10%和 9%，而拉合尔则没有相关基础设施。拉合尔（8%）和伊斯兰堡（25%）的安全卫生来自现场卫生系统，粪便污泥安全地就地掩埋。该国存在国家卫生计划，但仅限于减少露天排便和粪便污泥的封存。纳入完整的粪便污泥管理相关框架、准则和政策，可以帮助实现全民安全卫生的目标。
