Visual objects and their colors.

The ventral temporal cortex hosts key regions for the high-level visual processing of object shape and color. These areas represent nodes of large-scale neural circuits dedicated to object recognition. In the language-dominant hemisphere, some of these regions communicate with the language systems; by assigning verbal labels to percepts, these circuits speedup stimulus categorization, and permit fast and accurate interindividual communication. By impairing the functioning of these circuits, neurological damage may provoke disabling disorders of the processing of visual objects and of their colors. Brain damage of vascular, degenerative, toxic, or traumatic origin can induce deficits at different levels of visual processing, from the building of shape- or wavelength-invariant percepts, to their connections with semantic knowledge and with the appropriate lexical entry. After an overview of the neuroimaging of domain-preferring regions for object shape and color in the ventral temporal cortex, this chapter reviews evidence from historical and recent cases of acquired visual agnosia and color processing deficits. A recurrent motif emerging from patients' patterns of performance and lesion locations is the existence of caudo-rostral gradients in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex, spanning from more perceptual to more cognitive stages of processing.