Leib Sophie I, Miller Steven A, Chin Esther
Department of Psychology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, USA.
Ascension Alexian Brothers Neurosciences Institute, IL, USA.
Child Neuropsychol. 2023 May;29(4):644-665. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2107626. Epub 2022 Aug 16.
Working memory is a key cognitive function that is often implicated in ADHD and may represent an underlying cognitive endophenotype of the disorder. Working memory is related to emotion regulation, which is a common area of impairment in children with ADHD. Given the high rate of comorbid diagnoses with ADHD, children with comorbid internalizing, externalizing, and developmental disorders may present with variable working memory profiles and subsequent emotion regulation deficits. This study aimed to adequately characterize the latent structure of working memory impairments and emotional regulation outcomes in a clinical sample of children ages 6-16 with ADHD. This study also examined the interplay between the identified working memory/emotion regulation patterns, demographic characteristics, and the role of comorbid diagnoses. Results highlighted two distinct, invariant, unrestricted classes of working memory/emotion regulation. Class 1 (; 62% of the sample) had significantly lower digit-span scores, and generally persevered emotion regulation functioning per parent/teacher report. Class 2 ( had average working memory scores, and elevated emotion regulation problems. The working memory indicators had small correlations with parents (and not teacher) measures of emotion regulation. Finally, latent class membership did not differ by comorbid diagnosis, age, gender, or verbal IQ. Findings elucidate heterogeneity in common domains affected by ADHD and suggest that this heterogeneity may not be due to demographic/comorbidity factors. The role of varying information reports is discussed, and potential assessment and treatment implications are highlighted.
工作记忆是一种关键的认知功能，常与注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）相关，可能代表该疾病潜在的认知内表型。工作记忆与情绪调节有关，而情绪调节是ADHD儿童常见的受损领域。鉴于ADHD共病诊断率较高，患有内化性、外化性和发育障碍共病的儿童可能表现出不同的工作记忆特征以及随后的情绪调节缺陷。本研究旨在充分描述6至16岁ADHD儿童临床样本中工作记忆损害和情绪调节结果的潜在结构。本研究还考察了所确定的工作记忆/情绪调节模式、人口统计学特征之间的相互作用，以及共病诊断的作用。结果突出了工作记忆/情绪调节的两类不同、不变、无限制的类别。第1类（占样本的62%）数字广度得分显著较低，根据家长/教师报告，其情绪调节功能总体上较为固执。第2类工作记忆得分平均，但情绪调节问题较多。工作记忆指标与家长（而非教师）的情绪调节测量结果相关性较小。最后，潜在类别成员在共病诊断、年龄、性别或语言智商方面没有差异。研究结果阐明了受ADHD影响的常见领域中的异质性，并表明这种异质性可能并非由人口统计学/共病因素导致。文中讨论了不同信息报告的作用，并强调了潜在的评估和治疗意义。
