Department of Orthopedics, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong Province, China.
Department of Orthopedics, Traumatology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;18(7):917-925. doi: 10.2174/1574888X17666220817093305.
Bone and cartilage regeneration is a dynamic and complex process involving multiple cell types, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells, etc. Stem cells have been proved to have an efficient capability to promote bone and cartilage regeneration and repair, but the usage of cells harbors some important safety issues, such as immune rejection and carcinogenicity. Exosomes are non-cell structures secreted from various cells. The content of exosomes is enriched with proteins, such as cytoskeleton proteins, adhesion factors, transcription factors, etc., and a variety of nucleic acids, such as mRNA (Messenger RNA), long-chain non-coding RNA, microRNA (miRNA), etc. Exosomes can deliver a variety of contents from the parent cells to the recipient cells in different tissue backgrounds, influencing the phenotype and function of the recipient cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that miRNAs play significant roles in bone formation, suggesting that miRNAs may be novel therapeutic targets for bone and cartilage diseases. Exosomes have been shown with low/no immune rejection in vivo, no carcinogenic risk of infection, nor other side effects. In recent years, stem cell exosomes have been utilized to promote bone and cartilage regeneration processes during bone defect, bone fracture, cartilage repair, osteoporosis, and osteoarthritis. In this review, we discuss different exosomes derived from stem cells and their interactions with target cells, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes and osteoclasts. We also highlight the various signaling pathways involved in stem cell exosome-related bone and cartilage regeneration.
骨骼和软骨再生是一个动态而复杂的过程，涉及多种细胞类型，如成骨细胞、破骨细胞、内皮细胞等。干细胞已被证明具有促进骨骼和软骨再生和修复的有效能力，但细胞的使用存在一些重要的安全问题，如免疫排斥和致癌性。外泌体是各种细胞分泌的非细胞结构。外泌体的内容物富含蛋白质，如细胞骨架蛋白、粘附因子、转录因子等，以及各种核酸，如信使 RNA（mRNA）、长链非编码 RNA、微小 RNA（miRNA）等。外泌体可以将来自亲代细胞的各种物质传递到不同组织背景的受体细胞中，影响受体细胞的表型和功能。最近的研究表明，miRNA 在骨形成中发挥着重要作用，这表明 miRNA 可能是骨骼和软骨疾病的新型治疗靶点。外泌体在体内具有低/无免疫排斥、无感染致癌风险、无其他副作用。近年来，干细胞外泌体已被用于促进骨缺损、骨骨折、软骨修复、骨质疏松症和骨关节炎过程中的骨骼和软骨再生。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了不同来源的干细胞及其与靶细胞（包括成骨细胞、软骨细胞和成骨细胞）相互作用的外泌体。我们还强调了涉及干细胞外泌体相关骨骼和软骨再生的各种信号通路。
