Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 23788 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China.
College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
Planta. 2022 Aug 22;256(3):62. doi: 10.1007/s00425-022-03971-7.
Nitrate (NO) and ammonium (NH) are the main nitrogen (N) sources and key determinants for plant growth and development. In recent decades, NH, which is a double-sided N compound, has attracted considerable amounts of attention from researchers. Elucidating the mechanisms of NH toxicity and exploring the means to overcome this toxicity are necessary to improve agricultural sustainability. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning the energy consumption and production underlying NH metabolism and toxicity in plants, such as N uptake; assimilation; cellular pH homeostasis; and functions of the plasma membrane (PM), vacuolar H-ATPase and H-pyrophosphatase (H-PPase). We also discuss whether the overconsumption of energy is the primary cause of NH toxicity or constitutes a fundamental strategy for plants to adapt to high-NH stress. In addition, the effects of regulators on energy production and consumption and other physiological processes are listed for evaluating the possibility of high energy costs associated with NH toxicity. This review is helpful for exploring the tolerance mechanisms and for developing NH-tolerant varieties as well as agronomic techniques to alleviate the effects of NH stress in the field.
硝酸盐（NO）和铵（NH）是植物生长和发育的主要氮（N）源和关键决定因素。在过去的几十年中，作为一种双面 N 化合物的 NH 引起了研究人员的广泛关注。阐明 NH 毒性的机制并探索克服这种毒性的方法对于提高农业可持续性是必要的。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了目前关于植物中 NH 代谢和毒性的能量消耗和产生的知识，例如 N 的吸收；同化；细胞 pH 稳态；以及质膜（PM）、液泡 H-ATP 酶和 H-焦磷酸酶（H-PPase）的功能。我们还讨论了过度消耗能量是否是 NH 毒性的主要原因，或者是否构成了植物适应高 NH 胁迫的基本策略。此外，列出了调节剂对能量产生和消耗以及其他生理过程的影响，以评估与 NH 毒性相关的高能量成本的可能性。这篇综述有助于探索耐受机制，并开发 NH 耐受品种以及农业技术，以减轻田间 NH 胁迫的影响。
