Temperature-Dependent Development of the Post-Diapause Periods of the Apricot Seed Wasp (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae): An Implication for Spring Emergence Prediction Models.

The present study investigates the influence of temperature on the development of after a diapause break up until adulthood. The insect development rate was fitted to both linear and nonlinear models to estimate thermal bioparameters, which served as the basis for constructing prediction models. Chilled apricot seeds collected in November were used for the experiments in March. Experiment 1 used intact seeds, while experiment 2 used overwintered larvae obtained by cracking the endocarp cover. Both larvae and intact seeds were subjected to seven constant temperatures (14.5, 18.8, 21.3, 24.0, 27.0, 30.2, and 34.3 °C). The post-diapause larvae of developed into adults at a temperature range of 14.5-30.2 °C, and no larvae pupated at 34.3 °C. The lower temperature thresholds (LTs) for post-diapause larva and pupa and the total post-diapause period until adult emergence and until adult exit were 8.1, 8.2, 8.2, and 7.3 °C, respectively, whose thermal constants (DD) were 66.2, 180.2, 246.9, and 336.7 degree days, respectively. The distribution of at all post-diapause stages was described using a two-parameter Weibull function. The data predicted by the model using accumulated degree days starting from January 1 did not differ by more than three days from the observed field emergence of . Our data provide insights into the development of after diapause. Temperature-dependent development supports the use of a degree day model to predict field emergence for pest timing control.