Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
J Clin Neurophysiol. 2022 Nov 1;39(7):e26-e29. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000962. Epub 2022 Aug 18.
With the versatility of lumbar spine surgery continually expanding, intraoperative electromyography (EMG) has become a common adjunct used to reduce risk of nerve injury and postoperative neurologic deficit. EMG monitoring has been deemed particularly useful in the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. A more recent evolution of the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion entails complete percutaneous access to the disc through Kambin's triangle, followed by a percutaneous lumbar interbody fusion. Given the lack of direct visualization of nervous structures with percutaneous entrance into the disc, there is risk of injury to surrounding nervous structures with this approach. In effort to reduce risk of nerve injury, application of triggered EMG to gauge proximity of nervous tissue has been evaluated. Recently, patients presenting with contraindications or concerns for general anesthesia have been offered the alternative to undergo their procedure with spinal anesthesia, allowing them to remain awake. Spinal anesthesia entails intrathecal administration of local anesthetic, which mechanistically acts to reduce overall excitability of surrounding neural structures. However, nerve activation under conditions of local anesthetic is relatively unknown, and the ability of triggered EMG monitoring to reliably detect nerve proximity becomes questionable. This case report demonstrates nerve activation at thresholds comparable with those seen under general anesthesia. Although this has sparked interest in the possibility that local anesthetic may not remarkably affect nerve excitability as measured by triggered EMG activation, further investigation is recommended to reliably apply triggered EMG monitoring in awake spine surgery.
随着腰椎手术的多功能性不断扩大,术中肌电图(EMG)已成为一种常用的辅助手段,用于降低神经损伤和术后神经功能缺损的风险。EMG 监测在微创经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术中被认为特别有用。微创经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术的一个较新进展是通过 Kambin 三角完全经皮进入椎间盘,然后进行经皮腰椎椎间融合术。由于经皮进入椎间盘时无法直接观察到神经结构,因此这种方法存在周围神经结构损伤的风险。为了降低神经损伤的风险,已经评估了应用触发式 EMG 来评估神经组织的接近程度。最近,对于全麻有禁忌症或顾虑的患者,可以选择接受椎管内麻醉来进行手术,使他们保持清醒。椎管内麻醉需要鞘内给予局部麻醉剂,这种麻醉剂通过降低周围神经结构的整体兴奋性来发挥作用。然而,在局部麻醉剂作用下的神经激活相对未知,并且触发式 EMG 监测可靠地检测神经接近程度的能力也受到质疑。本病例报告显示,在与全麻下相似的阈值下出现神经激活。尽管这引发了人们对局部麻醉剂可能不会显著影响触发式 EMG 激活测量的神经兴奋性的可能性的兴趣,但建议进行进一步的研究,以可靠地在清醒脊柱手术中应用触发式 EMG 监测。