Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Fungal Biol. 2022 Sep;126(9):547-555. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.06.002. Epub 2022 Jun 25.
Apples (Malus domestica) are one of the most consumed fruits globally. It is a relevant crop in Argentina and Spain, and one of the main fruits for export and industrialization in these countries. Quality control of apples, fundamentally in the postharvest stage, is critical to prevent fungal diseases. The blue mould, caused by Penicillium expansum, is responsible for great economic losses due to the deterioration of the fruit and mycotoxin production. Many studies have characterized this pathogen; however, little is known about the differences between populations from distant geographical origins. The objective of the present study was to characterize two P. expansum populations, from Argentina and Spain, through morphological, metabolomic and molecular approaches, and to evaluate the existence of differences related to their geographical source. A total of 103 isolates, 53 from Argentina and 50 from Spain were studied. Their morphological features were consistent with the species description. The secondary metabolite profiles revealed low chemical diversity. All 103 isolates shared the production of 13 compounds, namely andrastins, aurantioclavine, chaetoglobosins, communesins, expansolides, roquefortine C and patulin. Penostatins and citrinin were produced by 102 and 101 isolates, respectively. A region of the β-tubulin gene was selected to analyse the diversity of the P. expansum isolates. No substantial differences were observed between isolates of different geographical origins through morphology, patulin accumulation, secondary metabolite profiles and phylogenetic analysis. However, the analysis of polymorphisms revealed 29 haplotypes with a relative separation between isolates of both populations; 13 haplotypes contained Argentinean isolates, while Spanish isolates were separated into 16 haplotypes. The diversity indices of Shannon (H'=2.075; H'=2.402) and Simpson (Si = 0.850; Si = 0.895) for isolates from Argentina and Spain, respectively, indicated that the diversity of P. expansum is greater in Spain than in Argentina. This distribution could be explained both by the existence of haplotype exchange between both countries, with the ancestral haplotypes originating in Spain, and the subsequent adaptation to the environmental conditions or apples varieties grown in each region.
苹果（Malus domestica）是全球消费最多的水果之一。它是阿根廷和西班牙的重要作物，也是这两个国家出口和工业化的主要水果之一。苹果的质量控制，尤其是在采后阶段，对于防止真菌病害至关重要。由扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）引起的青霉病会导致果实恶化和霉菌毒素产生，从而造成巨大的经济损失。许多研究已经对该病原体进行了特征描述；然而，对于来自遥远地理起源的种群之间的差异知之甚少。本研究的目的是通过形态学、代谢组学和分子方法对来自阿根廷和西班牙的两个扩展青霉种群进行特征描述，并评估与地理来源相关的差异的存在。共研究了 103 个分离株，其中 53 个来自阿根廷，50 个来自西班牙。它们的形态特征与物种描述一致。次生代谢产物谱显示出低的化学多样性。所有 103 个分离株都产生了 13 种化合物，分别为安特拉丁、奥氏菌素、chaetoglobosins、communesins、 expansolides、罗奎福林 C 和棒曲霉素。penostatins 和 citrinin 分别由 102 个和 101 个分离株产生。选择β-微管蛋白基因的一个区域来分析扩展青霉分离株的多样性。通过形态学、棒曲霉素积累、次生代谢产物谱和系统发育分析，未观察到不同地理起源的分离株之间存在显著差异。然而，多态性分析显示，在来自两个种群的分离株之间存在 29 个单倍型，其中 13 个单倍型包含阿根廷分离株，而西班牙分离株则分为 16 个单倍型。来自阿根廷和西班牙的分离株的香农多样性指数（H'=2.075；H'=2.402）和辛普森多样性指数（Si=0.850；Si=0.895）表明，西班牙的扩展青霉多样性大于阿根廷。这种分布可以通过两国之间存在单倍型交换来解释，祖先单倍型起源于西班牙，随后适应了每个地区生长的环境条件或苹果品种。
