Characterization of arsenic-metabolizing bacteria in an alkaline soil.

Arsenite (As(III)) is more toxic, mobilizable and bioavailable than arsenate (As(V)). Hence, the transformations between As(III) and As(V) are crucial for the toxicity and mobility of arsenic (As). However, As transformation and microbial communities involved in alkaline soils are largely unknown. Here we investigate two major pathways of As transformation, i.e., As(III) oxidation and As(V) reduction, and identify the bacteria involved in the alkaline soil by combining stable isotope probing with shotgun metagenomic sequencing. As(III) oxidation and significant increase of the aioA genes copies were observed in the treatments amended with As(III) and NO, suggesting that As(III) oxidation can couple with nitrate reduction and was mainly catalyzed by the microorganisms containing aioA genes. As(V) reduction was detected in the treatments amended with As(V) and acetate where the abundance of arrA gene significantly increased, indicating that microorganisms with arrA genes were the key As(V) reducers. Acidovorax, Hydrogenophaga, and Ramlibacter were the putative nitrate-dependent As(III) oxidizers, and Deinococcus and Serratia were the putative respiratory As(V) reducers. These findings will improve our understanding of As metabolism and are meaningful for mapping out bioremediation strategies of As contamination in alkaline environment.