Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA.
Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
Nutr Clin Pract. 2022 Oct;37(5):1023-1032. doi: 10.1002/ncp.10907. Epub 2022 Aug 29.
Hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mEq/L) is a frequent electrolyte abnormality complicating the clinical care of hospitalized patients. Hyponatremia has been associated with an increased risk of mortality. Hyponatremia can be seen in patients with euvolemia, hypovolemia, or hypervolemia. Evaluation of hyponatremia relies on clinical assessment and estimation of serum sodium, urine electrolytes, and serum and urine osmolality in addition to other case-specific laboratory parameters. In addition, point-of-care ultrasonography is an important adjunct to physical assessment in estimation of volume status. Understanding the pathophysiology of the underlying process can lead to a timely diagnosis and appropriate management of hyponatremia.
低钠血症（血清钠 <135mEq/L）是住院患者临床治疗中常见的电解质异常。低钠血症与死亡率增加有关。低钠血症可见于血容量正常、低血容量或高血容量的患者。低钠血症的评估依赖于临床评估以及血清钠、尿电解质和血清及尿渗透压的估计，此外还需要其他特定于病例的实验室参数。此外，即时超声检查是评估血容量状态时对体格检查的重要补充。了解潜在过程的病理生理学可以及时诊断和适当处理低钠血症。
