First detection of a colistin-resistant Klebsiella aerogenes isolate from a critically ill patient with septic shock in Bulgaria.

Colistin is considered as the last-line antibiotic for the treatment of infections caused by extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens belonging to the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) group. The present study aimed to explore the colistin resistance mechanisms of a Klebsiella aerogenes (formerly Enterobacter aerogenes) isolate (Kae1177-1bg) obtained from a Bulgarian critically ill patient with septic shock in 2020. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing using DNA nanoball technology were performed. The resulting read pairs were used for draft genome assembly, MLST analysis and mutation screening in the pmrA/B, phoP/Q, and mgrB genes. Kae1177-1bg demonstrated high-level resistance to colistin, resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins and susceptibility to all other antibiotics tested. In our strain a CMY-2-type class C cephalosporinase was the only β-lactamase identified. No mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes were detected. A total of three missense variants in the genes for the two-component PmrA/PmrB system were identified. Two of them were located in the pmrB (pR57K and pN275K) and one in the pmrA gene (pL162M). The pN275K variant emerged as the most likely cause for colistin resistance because it affected a highly conservative position and was the only nonconservative amino acid substitution. In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented clinical case of a high-level colistin-resistant K. aerogenes in Bulgaria and the first identification of the nonconservative amino acid substitution pN275K worldwide. Colistin-resistant Gram-negative pathogens of ESKAPE group are serious threat to public health and should be subjected to infection control stewardship practices.