Evolving approaches in neonatal postoperative pain management.

Neonates experience significant moderate and severe postoperative pain. Effective postoperative pain management in neonates is required to minimize acute and long-term effects of neonatal pain. Protecting the developing nervous system from persistent sensitization of pain pathways and developing primary hyperalgesia is essential. Opioids and acetaminophen are commonly analgesics used for pain control. Regional anesthesia provides adequate intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in neonates. It decreases exposure to opioids, reduces adverse drug effects, and facilitates early extubation. It suppresses the stress response and can prevent long-term behavioral responses to pain. The most common blocks performed in neonates are neuraxial blocks. Using ultrasound increased the number of peripheral nerve blocks performed in neonates. Recently, various peripheral nerve blocks (paravertebral, transverse abdominis plane, rectus sheath, quadratus lumborum, erector spinae plane blocks) were safely used. Many studies support analgesic efficacy but highlight neonates' unpredictability and variability of fascial blocks.