Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
J Mater Chem B. 2022 Sep 28;10(37):7089-7098. doi: 10.1039/d2tb00871h.
Biological sex differences are observed at multiple different length scales and across organ systems. Gaps in knowledge remain regarding our understanding of how molecular, cellular, and environmental factors contribute to physiological sex differences. Here, we provide our perspective on how chemical and molecular tools can be leveraged to explore sex differences in biology at the molecular, intracellular, extracellular, tissue, and organ length scales. We provide examples where chemical and molecular tools were used to explore sex differences in the cardiovascular, nervous, immune, and reproductive systems. We also provide a future outlook where chemical and molecular tools can be applied to continue investigating sex differences in biology, with the ultimate goal of addressing inequities in biomedical research and approaches to clinical treatments.
生物性别差异在多个不同的尺度和器官系统中都有观察到。在我们理解分子、细胞和环境因素如何导致生理性别差异方面，仍然存在知识差距。在这里，我们提供了我们的观点，即如何利用化学和分子工具来探索分子、细胞内、细胞外、组织和器官尺度上的生物学性别差异。我们提供了一些例子，说明化学和分子工具如何用于探索心血管、神经、免疫和生殖系统中的性别差异。我们还展望了未来，化学和分子工具可以应用于继续研究生物学中的性别差异，最终目标是解决生物医学研究和临床治疗方法中的不平等问题。
