Deciphering discriminative antibiotic resistance genes and pathogens in agricultural soil following chemical and organic fertilizer.

Fertilizers containing rich nutrients can change the profiles of antibiotic resistant pathogens (ARPs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in receiving soils; however, the discriminative ARGs and ARPs in agricultural soil following different fertilizer applications remain unknown. Using metagenomic sequencing combined with binning approach, the present study investigated the discriminative ARGs and ARPs under various fertilizer applications (chemical and organic fertilizer) in a 8-year field experiment. VanR, multidrug ARG transporter, vanS, ermA, and arnA were the discriminative ARGs in the chemical fertilizer group, whereas rosB, multidrug transporter, mexW, and aac(3)-I were enhanced in the organic fertilizer group. The metagenomic binning approach revealed that both fertilizer applications caused pathogen proliferation. Chemical fertilizer caused the increase in the pathogenic genus Luteimonas, and organic fertilizer facilitated the proliferation of the pathogenic genera Dokdonella and Pseudomonas. The pathogenic species Pseudomonas_H sp014836765, carrying mexW and multidrug transporter, was enriched only in the organic fertilizer group, indicating that it was a discriminative ARP in the organic fertilizer group. Our results demonstrated that fertilizer application, particularly organic fertilizer application, can facilitate the proliferation of ARGs and ARPs in the receiving soil, posing the risk of the development and spread of soil-borne ARPs.