Rathod Sachin
Maliba Pharmacy College, UKA Tarsadia University, Gopal-Vidyanagar Campus, Surat, 394350, India.
Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Waghodia, Vadodara, 391760, India.
Int Ophthalmol. 2023 Mar;43(3):1063-1074. doi: 10.1007/s10792-022-02482-4. Epub 2022 Sep 2.
To maintain the therapeutic drug concentration for a prolonged period of time in aqueous and vitreous humor is primary challenge for ophthalmic drug delivery. Majority of the locally administered drug into the eye is lost as to natural reflexes like blinking and lacrimation resulting in the short span of drug residence. Consequently, less than 5% of the applied drug penetrate through the cornea and reaches the intraocular tissues. The major targets for optimal ophthalmic drug delivery are increasing drug residence time in cul-de-sac of the eye, prolonging intraocular exposure, modulating drug release from the delivery system, and minimizing pre-corneal drug loss. Development of in situ gel, contact lens, intraocular lens, inserts, artificial cornea, scaffold, etc., for ophthalmic drug delivery are few approaches to achieve these major targeted objectives for delivering the drug optimally. Interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) or smart hydrogels or stimuli sensitive hydrogels are the class of polymers that can help to achieve the targets in ophthalmic drug delivery due to their versatility, biocompatibility and biodegradability. These novel ''smart" materials can alter their molecular configuration and result in volume phase transition in response to environmental stimuli, such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, electric and magnetic field. Hydrogel and tissue interaction, mechanical/tensile properties, pore size and surface chemistry of IPNs can also be modulated for tuning the drug release kinetics. Stimuli sensitive IPNs has been widely exploited to prepare in situ gelling formulations for ophthalmic drug delivery. Low refractive index hydrogel biomaterials with high water content, soft tissue-like physical properties, wettability, oxygen, glucose permeability and desired biocompatibility makes IPNs versatile candidate for contact lenses and corneal implants. This review article focuses on the exploration of these smart polymeric networks/IPNs for therapeutically improved ophthalmic drug delivery that has unfastened novel arenas in ophthalmic drug delivery.
在房水和玻璃体液中长时间维持治疗药物浓度是眼科药物递送的主要挑战。局部给药到眼内的大部分药物会因眨眼和流泪等自然反射而流失，导致药物停留时间短暂。因此，不到5%的给药药物能穿透角膜并到达眼内组织。优化眼科药物递送的主要目标是增加药物在眼盲管中的停留时间、延长眼内暴露时间、调节药物从递送系统中的释放以及最小化角膜前药物损失。开发用于眼科药物递送的原位凝胶、隐形眼镜、人工晶状体、眼内植入物、人工角膜、支架等是实现这些最佳药物递送主要目标的一些方法。互穿聚合物网络（IPN）或智能水凝胶或刺激敏感水凝胶是一类聚合物，由于其多功能性、生物相容性和生物降解性，有助于实现眼科药物递送的目标。这些新型的“智能”材料可以改变其分子构型，并响应环境刺激（如温度、pH值、离子强度、电场和磁场）而发生体积相转变。水凝胶与组织的相互作用、IPN的机械/拉伸性能、孔径和表面化学性质也可以进行调节，以调整药物释放动力学。刺激敏感的IPN已被广泛用于制备用于眼科药物递送的原位凝胶制剂。具有高含水量、软组织样物理性质、润湿性、氧气和葡萄糖渗透性以及所需生物相容性的低折射率水凝胶生物材料使IPN成为隐形眼镜和角膜植入物的多功能候选材料。这篇综述文章重点探讨了这些智能聚合物网络/IPN在治疗上改善眼科药物递送方面的应用，这在眼科药物递送领域开辟了新的领域。
