Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Nat Protoc. 2022 Dec;17(12):2990-3027. doi: 10.1038/s41596-022-00718-2. Epub 2022 Sep 5.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), or porous coordination polymers, are crystalline porous materials formed by coordination bonding between inorganic and organic species on the basis of the self-assembly of the reacting units. The typical characteristics of MOFs, including their large specific surface areas, ultrahigh porosities and excellent thermal and chemical stabilities, as well as their great potential for chemical and structural modifications, make them excellent candidates for versatile applications. Their poor electrical conductivity, however, has meant that they have not been useful for electrochemical applications. Fortuitously, the direct carbonization of MOFs results in a rearrangement of the carbon atoms of the organic units into a network of carbon atoms, which means that the products have useful levels of conductivity. The direct carbonization of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-type MOFs, particularly ZIF-8, has successfully widened the scope of possible applications of MOFs to include electrochemical reactions that could be used in, for example, energy storage, energy conversion, electrochemical biosensors and capacitive deionization of saline water. Here, we present the first detailed protocols for synthesizing high-quality ZIF-8 and its modified forms of hollow ZIF-8, core-shell ZIF-8@ZIF-67 and ZIF-8@mesostuctured polydopamine. Typically, ZIF-8 synthesis takes 27 h to complete, and subsequent nanoarchitecturing procedures leading to hollow ZIF-8, ZIF-8@ZIF-67 and ZIF-8@mPDA take 6, 14 and 30 h, respectively. The direct-carbonization procedure takes 12 h. The resulting nanoporous carbons are suitable for electrochemical applications, in particular as materials for supercapacitors.
金属-有机骨架（MOFs）或多孔配位聚合物，是基于反应单元的自组装，由无机和有机物种之间的配位键形成的结晶多孔材料。MOFs 的典型特征，包括其大的比表面积、超高的孔隙率和优异的热稳定性和化学稳定性，以及其对化学和结构修饰的巨大潜力，使它们成为多功能应用的优秀候选者。然而，它们较差的导电性意味着它们不能用于电化学应用。幸运的是，MOFs 的直接碳化导致有机单元的碳原子重新排列成碳原子网络，这意味着产物具有有用的电导率。沸石咪唑酯骨架（ZIF）型 MOFs，特别是 ZIF-8 的直接碳化，成功地拓宽了 MOFs 的可能应用范围，包括可用于储能、能量转换、电化学生物传感器和盐水电容去离子化等电化学反应。在这里，我们首次详细介绍了合成高质量 ZIF-8 及其中空 ZIF-8、核壳 ZIF-8@ZIF-67 和 ZIF-8@介孔聚多巴胺的改性形式的详细方案。通常，ZIF-8 的合成需要 27 小时完成，随后的纳米结构制备程序分别导致中空 ZIF-8、ZIF-8@ZIF-67 和 ZIF-8@mPDA 需要 6、14 和 30 小时。直接碳化程序需要 12 小时。所得的纳米多孔碳适用于电化学应用，特别是作为超级电容器的材料。
