Variation in genetics, morphology, and recruitment of the invasive barnacle (Gould, 1841) in the southern Korean peninsula.

The ivory barnacle is a marine crustacean, which presents near-cosmopolitan distribution due to extensive introduction and exhibits a wide spectrum of phenotypic variation. To elucidate geographical differentiation among populations through invasion, we investigated variation in genetic structure, shell morphology, and recruitment pattern for , from the southern Korean Peninsula where it has been established since the late 1980s. We selected samples from four populations in corresponding ecologically-relevant regions representing all surrounding South Korean waters. From these we amplified the mitochondrial genetic marker cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) from 57 individuals and performed a populational genetic analyses with 11 additional GenBank sequences to evaluate population structure. To examine morphological variation, we applied two-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics to the scutum and tergum for 148 and 151 individuals, respectively. Furthermore, we estimated the density of year-old individuals in the field to compare recruitment responses among localities. We detected 33 haplotypes among the four locations belonging to three distinct clades based on moderate intraspecific pairwise genetic distance (≥3.5%). The haplotypes in these clades were not locality-specific in their distribution. In contrast, we did detect interpopulation variation in opercular shape and morphospace structure, and one population could be separated from the rest based on its distinct tergum morphotype alone. This morphologically distinct population was also differentiated by displaying the lowest mean recruitment density. Our results indicate that although there is no relationship between molecular variation in the COI gene and geographic regions in South Korea, association with locality for operculum morphology, and recruitment response suggest ecological adaptation by this barnacle in a new habitat.