A Comprehensive Hydrothermal Co-Liquefaction of Diverse Biowastes for Energy-Dense Biocrude Production: Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects.

Hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) is a promising technology to valorize binary or even ternary biowastes into bioenergy. However, the complex biochemical compositions and unclear synergistic effect prevent the development of this technology. Thus, this study explored a comprehensive co-HTL of representative biowastes to investigate the synergistic and antagonistic effects. An apparent synergistic effect on biocrude yield was observed when sewage sludge was co-liquefied with cow manure or wheat straw. Further, the co-HTL of sewage sludge-cow manure was investigated in a detailed manner. The highest yield (21.84 wt%) of biocrude, with a positive synergistic effect (11.37%), the highest energy recovery (47.48%), and a moderate biocrude HHV (34.31 MJ/kg) were achieved from co-HTL at 350 °C for 30 min. Hydrochar and gas products were also characterized to unravel the reaction pathways. Accordingly, this work indicates that sewage sludge co-liquefied with other biowastes can serve as a multi-purpose solution for biowaste treatment and bioenergy production.