Kraus Jacob B, Strier Karen B
Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
Primates. 2022 Nov;63(6):647-658. doi: 10.1007/s10329-022-01015-y. Epub 2022 Sep 9.
Folivorous primates are typically considered time minimizers because the constraints of their unique digestive systems require them to spend a large portion of their activity budgets resting. However, inter- and intraspecific behavioral variation in their activity budgets may be influenced by local geographic and climatic conditions and evolutionary history. We compiled 48 studies representing ten genera, 31 species, and 50 populations to assess geographic (elevation, latitude), climatic (precipitation, temperature), and phylogenetic correlates of colobine activity budgets. Time spent resting negatively correlated with time spent feeding, moving, and socializing. Except for time spent socializing, activity budgets were independent of phylogeny, with more time spent feeding and less time resting in higher-elevation habitats and at lower temperatures. Among the four most common genera in our sample, only in Rhinopithecus did time spent feeding increase with higher elevations (range, 950-3950 m above mean sea level) and lower temperatures (range, 0.9-25 ℃). Only in Trachypithecus did time spent resting decrease with lower temperatures (range, 19-25 ℃). Our findings suggest that there are no apparent effects of geographic or climatic gradients on colobine activity budgets except for Rhinopithecus and Trachypithecus, whose activities are biased in favor of energy maximization rather than time minimization. Compared with other colobines, the ability of Rhinopithecus to adapt their activity budget at high elevations may make them less vulnerable to climate change, while the greater sensitivity of Trachypithecus to heat may make them more vulnerable to climate change.
食叶灵长类动物通常被认为是时间最小化者，因为其独特消化系统的限制要求它们将很大一部分活动预算用于休息。然而，它们活动预算中的种间和种内行为变化可能受到当地地理和气候条件以及进化历史的影响。我们汇总了48项研究，涵盖10个属、31个物种和50个种群，以评估疣猴活动预算的地理因素（海拔、纬度）、气候因素（降水量、温度）和系统发育相关性。用于休息的时间与用于进食、移动和社交的时间呈负相关。除了用于社交的时间外，活动预算与系统发育无关，在海拔较高的栖息地和较低温度下，用于进食的时间更多，用于休息时间更少。在我们样本中最常见的四个属中，只有仰鼻猴属用于进食的时间随着海拔升高（范围为平均海平面以上950 - 3950米）和温度降低（范围为0.9 - 25℃）而增加。只有短尾猴属用于休息的时间随着温度降低（范围为19 - 25℃）而减少。我们的研究结果表明，除了仰鼻猴属和短尾猴属外，地理或气候梯度对疣猴活动预算没有明显影响，它们的活动倾向于能量最大化而非时间最小化。与其他疣猴相比，仰鼻猴属在高海拔地区调整活动预算的能力可能使其更不易受到气候变化的影响，而短尾猴属对高温的更大敏感性可能使其更容易受到气候变化的影响。
