Cardiology Department, Hospital de Santa Cruz, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, Carnaxide, 2790-134, Lisbon, Portugal.
The Institute of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Clin Res Cardiol. 2022 Dec;111(12):1301-1312. doi: 10.1007/s00392-022-02096-x. Epub 2022 Sep 10.
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) remains the workhorse of noninvasive cardiac imaging, allowing to easily obtain precise information on cardiac structure and function. Over time, Doppler interrogation of blood flow velocities, direction, and timing in several locations within the heart became the primary method for haemodynamic assessment, replacing cardiac catheterization in most clinical settings and providing valuable diagnostic and prognostic information on a wide spectrum of cardiac pathological processes. Abnormalities in heart rate, rhythm, and intracardiac electrical conduction are commonly encountered during the performance of echocardiographic studies. Up to now, only a modest attention has been given to the impact of these abnormalities on the reading and interpretation of echocardiographic examination and this assessment has not yet been carried out in a global and systematic way. Tachyarrhythmias, bradyarrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction disturbances influence cardiac structure and mechanics as well as Doppler flow patterns. For this reason, and to be able to avoid misinterpretation, echocardiographers must be aware of the consequences of these common rhythm disturbances on echocardiographic findings. This narrative review aims to describe the current knowledge on this topic, focusing on the expected mechanical effects and Doppler patterns observed on transthoracic echocardiography in patients with common rhythm (tachycardia and bradycardia, atrial flutter and fibrillation and ectopic beats) and conduction disturbances (namely, atrioventricular block).
经胸超声心动图（TTE）仍然是无创性心脏成像的主要手段，能够轻松获得有关心脏结构和功能的精确信息。随着时间的推移，对心脏内多个位置的血流速度、方向和时间进行多普勒检测成为血液动力学评估的主要方法，在大多数临床情况下取代了心脏导管术，并为广泛的心脏病理过程提供了有价值的诊断和预后信息。在进行超声心动图研究时，通常会遇到心率、节律和心内电传导的异常。到目前为止，人们对这些异常对超声心动图检查的阅读和解释的影响只给予了适度的关注，并且尚未以全面和系统的方式进行这种评估。心动过速、心动过缓和房室传导障碍会影响心脏结构和力学以及多普勒血流模式。因此，为了避免误诊，超声心动图医师必须了解这些常见节律障碍对超声心动图结果的影响。本叙述性综述旨在描述该主题的现有知识，重点介绍在患有常见节律（心动过速和心动过缓、心房扑动和颤动以及异位搏动）和传导障碍（即房室传导阻滞）的患者中，经胸超声心动图上观察到的预期机械效应和多普勒模式。
