Loganathan Tamil Moli, Sultan Mohamed Thariq Hameed, Ahsan Qumrul, Jawaid Mohammad, Naveen Jesuarockiam, Shah Ain Umaira Md, Talib Abd Rahim Abu, Basri Adi Azriff
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia.
Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia.
J Therm Anal Calorim. 2022;147(24):14079-14096. doi: 10.1007/s10973-022-11557-4. Epub 2022 Sep 6.
Natural fibers have emerged as a potential alternate to synthetic fibers, because of their excellent performance, biodegradability, renewability and sustainability. This research has focused on investigating the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant properties of different hybrid Cytostachys Renda (CR)/kenaf fiber () (50/0; 35/ 15, 25/25, 15/ 35, 0/50)-reinforced MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes)-modified phenolic composites. The mass% of MWCNT-modified phenolic resin was maintained 50 mass% including 0.5 mass% of MWCNT. In order to achieve homogeneous dispersion ball milling process was employed to incorporate the MWCNT into phenolic resin (powder). Thermal results from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed that the hybrid composites (35/15; 35 mass% CR and 15 mass% ) showed higher thermal stability among the composite samples. Visco-elastic results revealed that kenaf fiber-based MWCNT-modified composites (0/50; 0 mass% CR and 50 mass% ) exhibited higher storage and loss modulus due to high modulus kenaf fiber. Fire-retardant analysis (UL-94) showed that all the composite samples met H-B self-extinguishing rating and exhibited slow burning rate according to limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. However, (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% ) hybrid composites showed the highest time to ignition, highest fire performance index, lowest total heat release rate, average mass loss rate, average fire growth rate index and maximum average rate of heat emission. Moreover, the smoke density of all hybrid composites was found to be less than 200 which meets the federal aviation regulations (FAR) 25.853d standard. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was carried out to select an optimal composite sample considering the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant behaviors. Through TOPSIS analysis, the hybrid (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% K) composite sample has been selected as an optimal composite which can be used for high-temperature aircraft and automotive applications.
天然纤维因其优异的性能、生物降解性、可再生性和可持续性，已成为合成纤维的潜在替代品。本研究着重调查了不同混合比例的塞内加尔拉敏木（CR）/红麻纤维（50/0；35/15、25/25、15/35、0/50）增强的多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT）改性酚醛复合材料的热性能、粘弹性和阻燃性能。MWCNT改性酚醛树脂的质量百分比保持在50质量%，其中MWCNT占0.5质量%。为实现均匀分散，采用球磨工艺将MWCNT掺入酚醛树脂（粉末）中。热重分析和差示扫描量热分析的热性能结果表明，混合复合材料（35/15；35质量%CR和15质量%红麻纤维）在复合样品中表现出更高的热稳定性。粘弹性结果表明，基于红麻纤维的MWCNT改性复合材料（0/50；0质量%CR和50质量%红麻纤维）由于红麻纤维模量高，表现出更高的储能模量和损耗模量。阻燃分析（UL - 94）表明，所有复合样品均达到H - B级自熄等级，且根据极限氧指数（LOI）测试显示燃烧速率缓慢。然而，（15/35；15质量%CR和35质量%红麻纤维）混合复合材料表现出最长的点火时间、最高的火灾性能指数、最低的总热释放速率、平均质量损失率、平均火灾增长速率指数和最大平均热释放速率。此外，发现所有混合复合材料的烟密度均小于200，符合联邦航空法规（FAR）25.853d标准。采用理想解相似排序法（TOPSIS），综合考虑热性能、粘弹性和阻燃性能来选择最佳复合样品。通过TOPSIS分析，混合（15/35；15质量%CR和35质量%红麻纤维）复合样品被选为最佳复合材料，可用于高温飞机和汽车应用。
