Stress Science and Health Promotion Post Graduate Program, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
Horm Res Paediatr. 2023;96(1):97-107. doi: 10.1159/000526946. Epub 2022 Sep 12.
Stress is a natural automatic reaction of organisms to challenging or threatening stimuli. Prevalence rates reveal an increasing number of students both in elementary and secondary education suffering from anxiety and other stress-related disorders and illnesses [The Journal of Pediatrics. 2009 Mar;154(3):322-6]. Literature shows a plethora of stress management techniques being used with children and adults to achieve stress reduction and inner peace. This narrative review primarily aimed at summarizing evidence-based relaxation techniques currently used by minors, contrasting them with data from the past and directions for the future. *(Additional content can be found at the bottom page of this review).
Literature research revealed a plethora of stress management techniques, including breathing practices or exercises, meditation, guided imagery, clinical hypnosis, cognitive behavioral therapy, behavioral therapy, third wave therapies, interpersonal therapies, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, biofeedback training, and mindfulness, that are deemed to be effective to treat stress and a variety of stress-related disorders such as anxiety disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), headaches, abdominal pain, perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain, cancer, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. These evidence-based stress management techniques have been successfully employed in various settings such as schools, waiting rooms, dental offices, or inpatient settings.
Stress management techniques used by children and adolescents are important to reduce anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms, improve social skills, reduce stress-related physical pain, and achieve academic improvement across settings and diagnoses.
压力是生物体对具有挑战性或威胁性刺激的自然自动反应。患病率显示，越来越多的中小学生患有焦虑症和其他与压力相关的障碍和疾病[儿科学杂志。2009 年 3 月；154(3):322-6]。文献表明，有许多压力管理技术被用于儿童和成人，以达到减轻压力和内心平静的目的。本篇叙述性综述主要旨在总结目前未成年人使用的基于证据的放松技术，将其与过去的数据进行对比，并为未来指明方向。*(更多内容可在本综述的底页找到)。
文献研究揭示了许多压力管理技术，包括呼吸练习或锻炼、冥想、引导想象、临床催眠、认知行为疗法、行为疗法、第三波疗法、人际疗法、渐进性肌肉松弛、自生训练、生物反馈训练和正念，这些技术被认为对治疗压力和各种与压力相关的障碍如焦虑障碍、抑郁、创伤后应激障碍、强迫症（OCD）、头痛、腹痛、围手术期焦虑和术后疼痛、癌症和注意缺陷多动障碍有效。这些基于证据的压力管理技术已成功应用于各种环境中，如学校、候诊室、牙科诊所或住院环境。
儿童和青少年使用的压力管理技术对于减轻焦虑、压力和抑郁症状、提高社交技能、减轻与压力相关的身体疼痛以及在各种环境和诊断中实现学业进步非常重要。
