Barber J G, Winefield A H
Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1987 May;113(2):141-63.
Two experiments tested predictions drawn from test anxiety theory, learned helplessness theory, and Wortman and Brehm's (1975) integration of helplessness and reactance theories. Experiment 1 demonstrated that performance deficits predicted by learned helplessness do not rely on experimenter-induced failure. It also showed such deficits to be unrelated either to negative affect following exposure to pretreatment or to causal attributions about pretreatment task performance. Experiment 2 showed that experience of uncontrollability need not result in impaired performance, because failure on an unimportant task did not produce the deficits predicted by learned helplessness theory. This result provides qualified support for the integrative model. Finally, because the subjective measures used in Experiment 2 were not consistent with performance measures, the reliability of self-reports is questioned.
两项实验检验了从考试焦虑理论、习得性无助理论以及沃特曼和布雷姆（1975）对无助与阻抗理论的整合中得出的预测。实验1表明，习得性无助所预测的表现缺陷并不依赖于实验者诱发的失败。它还表明，这些缺陷与接触预处理后的负面影响或对预处理任务表现的因果归因均无关。实验2表明，不可控性的体验不一定会导致表现受损，因为在一项不重要任务上的失败并未产生习得性无助理论所预测的缺陷。这一结果为整合模型提供了有限的支持。最后，由于实验2中使用的主观测量与表现测量不一致，自我报告的可靠性受到质疑。
