miR-181a-5p is a potential candidate epigenetic biomarker in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal degeneration. Abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays an important role in MS pathology. In this cohort study, differential expression of the four miRNAs (, , , and was investigated in 69 individuals, including 39 MS patients (relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS),  = 27; secondary progressive MS (SPMS),  = 12) and 30 healthy controls. In silico analyses revealed possible genes and pathways specific to miRNAs. Peripheral blood miRNA expressions were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). was downregulated and associated with increased MS risk ( = 0.012). The other three miRNAs were upregulated and not associated with MS ( < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) is 0.779. In silico analyses showed that may participate in MS pathology by targeting , , , and genes in inflammation and neurodegeneration pathways. The circulatory can regulate target genes, reversing the mechanisms involved in MS pathologies such as protein uptake and processing, cell proliferation and survival, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Thus, this miRNA could be used as an epigenomic-guided diagnostic tool and for therapeutic purpose.