School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.
School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
Clin Nutr. 2022 Oct;41(10):2333-2344. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.08.029. Epub 2022 Sep 3.
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract is colonized with a majority of gut microbes, affecting host metabolism and homeostasis. Gut microbiota plays a vital role in nutrient exchange, signaling transduction between intestinal epithelial cells, and resistance to pathogen invasion. Gut microbiota is divided into mucus layer bacteria and intestinal lumen bacteria based on the colonization distribution. Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) prefers to colonize in the intestinal mucus layer, and specifically degrades mucins to produce short-chain fatty acids, providing energy for the host and promoting colonization of the bacterium itself. Degradation of mucins prompts the host to compensate for the production of more mucins, thereby maintaining the dynamics of these proteins. In the intestinal micro-ecosystem, A. muciniphila is non-pathogenic, and its colonization with suitable abundance contributes to the development of immune system, thus promoting intestinal health. The mechanisms by which A. muciniphila bears a protective role in the host intestine are currently unclear. In this review, we summarize the microenvironment for the colonization of A. muciniphila, physiological characteristics and pathophysiological impact of A. muciniphila on intestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel diseases, and intestinal tumors. We also provided updates for current studies on signals that A. muciniphila enhances intestinal barrier integrity and regulates immune response. Together, we conclude that A. muciniphila is a promising probiotic, which could be a microbial target for the treatment of multiple intestinal diseases.
哺乳动物的胃肠道定植着大量的肠道微生物，影响宿主的新陈代谢和内稳态。肠道微生物在营养物质交换、肠上皮细胞之间的信号转导以及抵抗病原体入侵方面发挥着重要作用。肠道微生物根据定植分布可分为黏液层细菌和肠腔细菌。黏蛋白阿克曼菌（Akkermansia muciniphila，A. muciniphila）优先定植于肠道黏液层，特异性降解黏蛋白产生短链脂肪酸，为宿主提供能量并促进自身定植。黏蛋白的降解促使宿主代偿性产生更多的黏蛋白，从而维持这些蛋白质的动态平衡。在肠道微生态系统中，A. muciniphila 是非致病性的，其适宜丰度的定植有助于免疫系统的发育，从而促进肠道健康。A. muciniphila 在宿主肠道中发挥保护作用的机制尚不清楚。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 A. muciniphila 定植的微环境、A. muciniphila 的生理特性以及对肠道疾病（如肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病和肠道肿瘤）的病理生理影响。我们还提供了关于 A. muciniphila 增强肠道屏障完整性和调节免疫反应的信号的最新研究进展。综上所述，A. muciniphila 是一种很有前途的益生菌，可能成为治疗多种肠道疾病的微生物靶点。
