Inhibition of biofouling on reverse osmosis membrane surfaces by germicidal ultraviolet light side-emitting optical fibers.

Biofouling of membrane surfaces poses significant operational challenges and costs for desalination and wastewater reuse applications. Ultraviolet (UV) light can control biofilms while reducing chemical usage and disinfection by-products, but light deliveries to membrane surfaces in spiral wound geometries has been a daunting challenge. Thin and flexible nano-enabled side-emitting optical fibers (SEOFs) are novel light delivery devices that enable disinfection or photocatalytic oxidation by radiating UV light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). We envision SEOFs as an active membrane spacer to mitigate biofilm formation on reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. A lab-scale RO membrane apparatus equipped with SEOFs allowed comparison of UV-A (photocatalysis-enabled) versus UV-C (direct photolysis disinfection). Compared against systems without any light exposure, systems with UV-C light formed thinner-but denser-biofilms, prevented permeate flux declines due to biofouling, and maintained the highest salt rejection. Results were corroborated by in-situ optical coherence tomography and ex-situ measurements of biofilm growth on the membranes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that UV-C SEOFs down-regulated quorum sensing and surface attachment genes. In contrast, UV-A SEOFs upregulated quorum sensing, surface attachment, and oxidative stress genes, resulting in higher extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) accumulation on membrane surfaces. Overall, SEOFs that deliver a low fluence of UV-C light onto membrane surfaces are a promising non-chemical approach for mitigating biofouling formation on RO membranes.