Partial recovery of the left DLPFC-right insula circuit with reduced craving in abstinent heroin users: a longitudinal study.

The phenomenon of brain recovery after long-term abstinence has been reported in substance use disorders. However, few longitudinal studies have been conducted to observe the potential recovery in heroin users, and little is known about the neural mechanism underlying the decreased craving after prolonged abstinence. The 8-month longitudinal study was carried out in 29 heroin users and 30 healthy controls. By choosing the L_DLPFC, which was activated by the heroin cue as the seeding region, different brain connection patterns were compared between healthy controls and heroin users by using Granger causality analysis (GCA) at baseline. Then, a paired t test was employed to detect the potential recovery of L_DLPFC circuits after prolonged abstinence. The visual analog scale (VAS) and trail-making test-A (TMT-A) were adopted to investigate craving and cognitive control impairment, respectively. The neuroimaging changes were then correlated with behavioral improvements. Similar analyses were applied for the mirrored right DLPFC to verify the lateralization hypothesis of the DLPFC in addiction. In the longitudinal study, enhanced GCA coefficients were observed in the L_DLPFC-R_insula circuit of heroin users after long-term abstinence and were associated with craving score changes. At baseline, decreased GCA coefficients from the left DLPFC to the bilateral SMA and right putamen, together with the reduced GCA strength from the bilateral OFC to the left DLPFC, were found between HUs and HCs. Our findings extended the brain recovery phenomenon into the field of heroin and suggested that the increased regulation of the L_DLPFC over the insula after prolonged abstinence was important for craving inhibition.