Aslam Muhammad Zohaib, Firdos Shumaila, Li Zhousi, Wang Xiang, Liu Yangtai, Qin Xiaojie, Yang Shuo, Ma Yue, Xia Xuejuan, Zhang Bolin, Dong Qingli
School of Health Sciences and Engineering, The University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
Dera Ghazi Khan Section of Punjab Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan.
Foods. 2022 Sep 12;11(18):2809. doi: 10.3390/foods11182809.
Increasing antibiotic resistance has shifted researchers' focus to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs are small, positively charged, amphipathic peptides with secondary helical structures. They have the ability to disrupt the bacterial membrane and create wedges due to electrostatic differences. Water molecules enter the pathogens through those wedges and disrupt their normal cellular functioning, eventually causing the death of the pathogens. Keeping in mind the importance of AMPs, this review compiles recent data and is divided into three parts. The first part explains the AMP structure and properties, the second part comprises the spectroscopy techniques currently used for evaluating the AMP-bacterial targeting mechanism as well as its structure and safety; and the third part describes the production of AMPs from an animal source (whey protein). Most of the peptides that were used in recent studies have been either the precursors of a natural peptide or synthetic peptides with some modifications, but data on the exploitation of dairy protein are scarce. Among the little-studied milk proteins and peptides, in the last three years, whey protein has been studied the least based on the reported data. Because whey protein is a leftover part of cheese making that often drains out as cheese waste, causing soil and environmental pollution, today, the need of the hour is to produce safe AMPs from whey protein. The use of whey protein that is based on hydrolyzing lactic acid bacteria with some structural modifications can increase AMPs' potency, stability, and safety, and it can also help to avoid soil and environmental pollution as a result of whey drainage.
日益增加的抗生素耐药性已将研究人员的重点转移到抗菌肽（AMPs）作为抗生素的替代品上。抗菌肽是具有二级螺旋结构的小的、带正电荷的两亲性肽。它们能够破坏细菌膜，并由于静电差异而形成楔形结构。水分子通过这些楔形结构进入病原体，扰乱其正常细胞功能，最终导致病原体死亡。鉴于抗菌肽的重要性，本综述汇编了近期数据，并分为三个部分。第一部分解释了抗菌肽的结构和特性，第二部分包括目前用于评估抗菌肽-细菌靶向机制及其结构和安全性的光谱技术；第三部分描述了从动物来源（乳清蛋白）生产抗菌肽。近期研究中使用的大多数肽要么是天然肽的前体，要么是经过一些修饰的合成肽，但关于利用乳蛋白的数据很少。在研究较少的乳蛋白和肽中，根据报道的数据，在过去三年中，乳清蛋白的研究最少。由于乳清蛋白是奶酪制作过程中的剩余部分，通常作为奶酪废料排出，造成土壤和环境污染，因此，当务之急是从乳清蛋白中生产安全的抗菌肽。使用基于对乳酸菌进行水解并进行一些结构修饰的乳清蛋白，可以提高抗菌肽的效力、稳定性和安全性，还可以帮助避免因乳清排放造成的土壤和环境污染。
