spp.: An Overview of the Useful Facets of Mutualistic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes.

Mounting concern over the misuse of chemical pesticides has sparked broad interest for safe and effective alternatives to control plant pests and pathogens. bacteria, as pesticidal symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes species, can contribute to this solution with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to suppress a variety of plant pathogens. As many challenges face sound exploitation of plant-phytonematode interactions, a full useful spectrum of such interactions should address nematicidal activity of . - complex or individually should be involved in mechanisms underlying the favorable side of plant-nematode interactions in emerging cropping systems. Using bacteria should earnestly be harnessed to control not only phytonematodes, but also other plant pests and pathogens within integrated pest management plans. This review highlights the significance of fitting -obtained insecticidal, nematicidal, fungicidal, acaricidal, pharmaceutical, antimicrobial, and toxic compounds into existing, or arising, holistic strategies, for controlling many pests/pathogens. The widespread utilization of bacteria, however, has been slow-going, due to costs and some issues with their commercial processing. Yet, advances have been ongoing via further mastering of genome sequencing, discovering more of the beneficial species/strains, and their successful experimentations for pest control. Their documented pathogenicity to a broad range of arthropods and pathogens and versatility bode well for useful industrial products. The numerous beneficial traits of bacteria can facilitate their integration with other tactics for better pest/disease management programs.