Huang Ying, Liang Jianghu, Zhang Zhanfei, Zheng Yiting, Wu Xueyun, Tian Congcong, Zhou Zhuang, Wang Jianli, Yang Yajuan, Sun Anxin, Liu Yuan, Tang Chen, Chen Zhenhua, Chen Chun-Chao
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20024, P. R. China.
Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China.
Small Methods. 2022 Nov;6(11):e2200933. doi: 10.1002/smtd.202200933. Epub 2022 Sep 26.
Transition of δ-phase formamidinium lead triiodide (δ-FAPbI ) to pure α-phase FAPbI (α-FAPbI ) typically requires high processing temperature (150 °C), which often results in unavoidable residual stress. Besides, using methylammonium chloride (MACl) as additive in fabrication will cause MA residue in the film, compromising the compositional purity. Here, a stress-released and compositional-pure α-FAPbI thin-film is fabricated using 3-chloropropylammonium chloride (Cl-PACl) by two-step annealing. The 2D template of n = 2 can preferentially form in perovskite with the introduction of Cl-PACl at a temperature as low as 80 °C. Such a 2D template can guide the free components to form ordered α-FAPbI and promote the transition of the formed δ-FAPbI to α-FAPbI by reducing the phase transition energy. As a result, the obtained perovskite films via low-temperature phase-transition have a high degree of crystal orientation and reduced residual stress. More importantly, most of the Cl-PACl is volatilized during the subsequent high-temperature annealing process accompanied by the disintegration of the 2D templates. The residual trace of Cl-PA is mainly concentrated at the grain boundary near the perovskite surface layer, stabilizing α-FAPbI and passivating defects. Perovskite solar cell based on pure α-FAPbI achieves a power conversion efficiency of 23.03% with excellent phase stability and photo-stability.
δ相甲脒铅三碘化物(δ-FAPbI₃)向纯α相FAPbI₃(α-FAPbI₃)的转变通常需要较高的加工温度(150℃),这往往会导致不可避免的残余应力。此外,在制备过程中使用氯化铵(MACl)作为添加剂会导致薄膜中残留MA,从而影响成分纯度。在此,通过两步退火使用3-氯丙基氯化铵(Cl-PACl)制备了一种应力释放且成分纯净的α-FAPbI₃薄膜。在低至80℃的温度下引入Cl-PACl时,n = 2的二维模板可以优先在钙钛矿中形成。这样的二维模板可以引导自由成分形成有序的α-FAPbI₃,并通过降低相变能量促进所形成的δ-FAPbI₃向α-FAPbI₃的转变。结果,通过低温相变获得的钙钛矿薄膜具有高度的晶体取向和降低的残余应力。更重要的是,在随后的高温退火过程中,大部分Cl-PACl会随着二维模板的分解而挥发。Cl-PA的残留痕迹主要集中在钙钛矿表面层附近的晶界处,稳定α-FAPbI₃并钝化缺陷。基于纯α-FAPbI₃的钙钛矿太阳能电池实现了23.03%的功率转换效率,具有出色的相稳定性和光稳定性。