1Division of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey.
Neurosurg Focus. 2022 Oct;53(4):E3. doi: 10.3171/2022.7.FOCUS22336.
OBJECTIVE: Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is a widely used technique for localizing seizure onset zones prior to resection. However, its use has traditionally been avoided in children under 2 years of age because of concerns regarding pin fixation in the immature skull, intraoperative and postoperative electrode bolt security, and stereotactic registration accuracy. In this retrospective study, the authors describe their experience using SEEG in patients younger than 2 years of age, with a focus on the procedure's safety, feasibility, and accuracy as well as surgical outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review of children under 2 years of age who had undergone SEEG while at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between November 2017 and July 2021 was performed. Data on clinical characteristics, surgical procedure, imaging results, electrode accuracy measurements, and postoperative outcomes were examined. RESULTS: Five patients younger than 2 years of age underwent SEEG during the study period (median age 20 months, range 17-23 months). The mean age at seizure onset was 9 months. Developmental delay was present in all patients, and epilepsy-associated genetic diagnoses included tuberous sclerosis (n = 1), KAT6B (n = 1), and NPRL3 (n = 1). Cortical lesions included tubers from tuberous sclerosis (n = 1), mesial temporal sclerosis (n = 1), and cortical dysplasia (n = 3). The mean number of placed electrodes was 11 (range 6-20 electrodes). Bilateral electrodes were placed in 1 patient. Seizure onset zones were identified in all cases. There were no SEEG-related complications, including skull fracture, electrode misplacement, hemorrhage, infection, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, electrode pullout, neurological deficit, or death. The mean target point error for all electrodes was 1.0 mm. All patients proceeded to resective surgery, with a mean follow-up of 21 months (range 8-53 months). All patients attained a favorable epilepsy outcome, including Engel class IA (n = 2), IC (n = 1), ID (n = 1), and IIA (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS: SEEG can be safely, accurately, and effectively utilized in children under age 2 with good postoperative outcomes using standard SEEG equipment. With minimal modification, this procedure is feasible in those with immature skulls and guides the epilepsy team's decision-making for early and optimal treatment of refractory epilepsy through effective localization of seizure onset zones.
目的:立体脑电图(SEEG)是一种广泛用于定位切除前癫痫发作起始区的技术。然而,由于对不成熟颅骨中的销钉固定、术中及术后电极螺栓安全性以及立体定向注册准确性的担忧,传统上避免在 2 岁以下儿童中使用。在这项回顾性研究中,作者描述了他们在 2 岁以下患者中使用 SEEG 的经验,重点关注该手术的安全性、可行性和准确性以及手术结果。
方法:对 2017 年 11 月至 2021 年 7 月期间在费城儿童医院接受 SEEG 的 2 岁以下儿童进行回顾性分析。检查了临床特征、手术过程、影像学结果、电极准确性测量和术后结果的数据。
结果:研究期间,5 名 2 岁以下儿童接受了 SEEG(中位年龄 20 个月,范围 17-23 个月)。癫痫发作的平均年龄为 9 个月。所有患者均存在发育迟缓,癫痫相关的基因诊断包括结节性硬化症(n=1)、KAT6B(n=1)和 NPRL3(n=1)。皮质病变包括结节性硬化症的结节(n=1)、内侧颞叶硬化症(n=1)和皮质发育不良(n=3)。放置的电极数量平均为 11 个(范围 6-20 个电极)。1 例患者双侧放置电极。所有病例均确定了癫痫发作起始区。无 SEEG 相关并发症,包括颅骨骨折、电极放置不当、出血、感染、脑脊液漏、电极脱出、神经功能缺损或死亡。所有电极的平均靶点误差为 1.0 毫米。所有患者均行切除术,平均随访 21 个月(范围 8-53 个月)。所有患者均获得良好的癫痫预后,包括 Engel Ⅰ A 级(n=2)、Ⅰ C 级(n=1)、Ⅰ D 级(n=1)和Ⅱ A 级(n=1)。
结论:使用标准 SEEG 设备,在 2 岁以下儿童中,SEEG 可以安全、准确、有效地应用,并且术后效果良好。通过最小的修改,该手术在颅骨不成熟的情况下可行,并通过有效定位癫痫发作起始区,指导癫痫治疗团队对难治性癫痫进行早期和最佳治疗的决策。
Neurosurg Focus. 2022-10
J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2018-10