Predicting Resistance: Quantifying the Relationship between Urban Development, Agricultural Pesticide Use, and Pesticide Resistance in a Nontarget Amphipod.

Resistance alleles within the voltage-gated sodium channel () have been correlated with pyrethroid resistance in wild populations of the nontarget amphipod, from California (CA), U.S.A. In the present study, we expand upon the relationship between land use and the evolution of pesticide resistance in to develop a quantitative methodology to target and screen novel populations for resistance allele genotypes in a previously uninvestigated region of the U.S. (New England: NE). By incorporating urban land development and toxicity-normalized agricultural pesticide use indices into our site selection, we successfully identified three amino acid substitutions associated with pyrethroid resistance. One of the resistance mutations has been described in from CA (L925I). We present the remaining two ( I936F and I936V) as novel pyrethroid-resistance alleles in based on previous work in insects and elevated cyfluthrin resistance in one NE population. Our results suggest that urban pesticide use is a strong driver in the evolution of resistance alleles in . Furthermore, our method for resistance allele screening provides an applied framework for detecting ecosystem impairment on a nationwide scale that can be incorporated into ecological risk assessment decisions.